Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Scientific and Technical Text Features

• Objectivity: These texts are only interested in facts and reality itself.
• Universality: The content and expression attempt to reduce cross-linguistic differences to a minimum.
• Expository Clarity: Language is used as a tool to facilitate access to knowledge of great complexity in general.
• Accuracy: A constant search for the highest level of precision.
• Specialized Lexicon: A revised vocabulary designed to generate new terms.

Pragmatic Aspects of Technical Discourse

1. Prevalence of Functions: There is a dominance of referential functions (objectivity) and metalinguistic functions. At times, conative functions may be present in instructional texts.
2. Textual Modes: Predominant modes include argumentation, exposition,

Theatrical Innovations of Generation Nós

The Generation Nós (Our Generation) did not primarily use theater as a political weapon or didactic tool. Instead, they provided an extraordinary impulse from a literary perspective, integrating Galician theater into European currents. With them came the first symbolist and surrealist elements, surpassing the previous realism. From then on, their works featured not only Galician peasants and landowners, but also knights and princesses, toads, kegs, cliffs, the saints of the Portico of Glory, ghosts, and more.

1. Vicente Risco: Symbolist Drama

Vicente Risco wrote a single play, The Jester of the King, a symbolist drama that explores physical and moral deformity.

2. Ramón Otero Pedrayo: Extensive Dramatic

Paul Cézanne: Post-Impressionist Master

Initially struggling, Paul Cézanne reached artistic maturity around 50 years old. Upon his father's death, his inheritance freed him from economic hardship, but it also strained his friendship with Émile Zola, who depicted a frustrated painter committing suicide in his novel L'Œuvre, a character Cézanne identified with.

Cézanne then developed an original pictorial conception. His style emphasized the interplay between the eye and the brain, believing they had to assist each other. This approach, combined with his reflections on composition, led him to believe that all natural forms could be reduced to simple geometric shapes: the sphere, cone, and cylinder. This simplification was crucial in the development...

Journalistic Articles

These are articles disseminated through mass media to transmit information of social interest.

Pragmatic Elements of Journalism

When considering the dissemination of information, we may identify the following key elements:

1. The Company: The media owner through which news is disseminated.
2. The Source: The origin of the information. This often includes news agencies, which supply news to media outlets and have correspondents worldwide, or press offices, which are groups of journalists providing information.
3. The Journalist: The individual who writes the information. Sometimes, one journalist writes while another manages the entire news production process.

Information broadcast is typically one-way, with no immediate response expected...

Classification of Literary Genres

Literary texts serve as a means of expression through both prose and verse.

Prose vs. Verse

• Prose: A natural form of expression used to deliver concepts and meet communication needs. Its rhythm is free.
• Verse: An artistic expression of language that responds to aesthetic needs. Its rhythm is defined by rhyme, accents, and syllable distribution.

Core Literary Genres

Literary genres are fundamental models for structuring texts based on the subject matter and the author's communicative intent. They are categorized into narrative, lyric, and dramatic.

Lyric Genre

Lyrical texts present a subjective view of reality from the author's intimate perspective, utilizing poetic language. It is dominated by expressive and poetic...

Eros and Psyche by Canova

Dates

1787-1793

Technique

Height

Material

Marble

Composition

This sculpture is a formal perfection regarding the treatment of bodies. The two figures are intertwined and form an X defined by the wings of Eros and lower limbs. All contribute to the sculpture's movement. The two mouths occupy the middle of the X. The positions of the hands and arms highlight the passion and eroticism of the scene; while he gently holds her breast, she passes her hands behind his head. Canova aimed at inert matter. The material is polished, with no wear and no wrinkle on the treatment of bodies. This enables light, strong and clear, to slide all over the sculpture, causing a sweet, soft blur.

Style

Neoclassicism

Significance and Function

Canova depicts...

Spanish Theater from 1940 Onwards

Theatrical production was influenced by:

• The loss of great playwrights.
• The economic interests of employers who only sought to please the tastes of a particular audience and profit.
• The public's preference for simple and traditional theater.
• Prior censorship, which restricted the type of subject treated in drama or prevented its staging in Spanish theaters.

The Theater of the Postwar Period (1940s)

Dramatic works were characterized by their low quality and artistic mediocrity. The drama written and depicted in these early years was purely a commercial and conservative theater, with the aim of making people laugh. It is characterized by an eagerness to escape. Notable authors include Carlos Arniches, Jose Maria Peman,...

General Documentation: A Burial at Ornans

Author: Gustave Courbet.
Chronology: 1851.
Format: Landscape and huge, nearly 7 meters.
Technique: Oil on canvas.
Location: Musée d'Orsay (Paris).

Formal and Stylistic Analysis

Technical Analysis and Materials

This oil on canvas features various textures, including glazes and impasto zones, alongside more diluted areas. This technique was widely used in the late 15th century (e.g., Van Eyck). The canvas envelopes an enormous frame added later. The work was realized in the author's studio, which was not very high; however, the artist wanted the work to be monumental. Because it was so long, the theme develops in a horizontal frieze. It is a significant feat to work on such a large frame.

Color Palette

The color...

Understanding Advertising

Advertising is a genre with a commercial purpose, aiming to persuade society to consume a product. It is also used for solidarity campaigns, such as accident or traffic prevention, to promote an idea or raise societal awareness of direct or indirect problems. These are called institutional advertising. This text describes advertising exposure and its predominant arguments.

The Communication Process in Advertising

Advertising is a complete communicative process where a transmitter directs messages to a receiver group. This communication process is unilateral, meaning there is no exchange of views between the sender and recipients.

• The channel can vary depending on the mode of transmission.
• The codes are: linguistic and non-

The Novel and the Modernist Narrative

The Crisis of the Novel

The emergence of Modernism in Catalan culture at the end of the last century did not, in principle, involve any literary innovation (it continued to use the structure of Narcís Oller). The new movement had to confront the novelistic crisis of Naturalism. The intention to include Catalan Modernism in the European cultural world implied, in the narrative field, a moment of complete disorientation. Thus, in the last decade of the 19th century, it is considered that the novel was still in the hands of the Naturalists and the last Realists (Oller, Dolors Monserdà, Bosch...). Meanwhile, from the modernist intellectual trenches, the short story was timidly attempted. If La bogeria somehow...