Key Concepts of Realist and Naturalist Literary Movements

Positivism

Positivism is a mindset that seeks a rational explanation for everything, understanding that knowledge can only be reached through observation and experimentation.

The Scientific Method

This method considers experimentation an essential requirement for any scientific analysis.

Realism

Realism is a movement that developed in the second half of the 19th century, characterized by portraying the society of the time in literary works.

Features of Realism

• The Novel: The novel is established as the primary literary genre. It requires the description of environments and the representation of the customs and speech of the characters.
• Objectivity: The artist focuses on society.
• Realism: A desire for a sober, plausible representation of the contemporary atmosphere.
• Characters: Often inspired by the urban bourgeoisie.

Naturalism

A movement of French origin characterized by explaining character behavior through the influence of their immediate environment and genetic inheritance.

Realistic Novel Features

• Omniscient Narrator: The narrator is always external to the story and is not part of the plot.
• Detailed Description: Extensive use of description for both characters and environments, relating physical and psychological aspects.
• Common Themes: Arguments often include love triangles, sentimentalism, passion, jealousy, and impossible loves, which were sometimes exaggerated or implausible.

Benito Pérez Galdós

Benito Pérez Galdós was born in 1843 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria but moved to Madrid at a young age to study law. He served as a deputy. His old age was difficult due to illness, blindness, and serious economic problems.

Literary Phases

His career is distinguished by two main phases:

• Thesis Novels: Stories where Galdós defends moderate ideas, culture, and reason against intolerance and fanaticism. Notable works include The Fountain of Gold, Marianela, and Doña Perfecta.
• Contemporary Novels: Stories set in Madrid that faithfully reproduce the most representative society of the era, such as Fortunata and Jacinta.
• Episodios Nacionales: Novels set during the most relevant historical events of the 19th century.