Feminist Critique in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth
1. Edith Wharton’s Feminist Critique of 20th-Century Society in The House of Mirth
The House of Mirth is a novel written by Edith Wharton in 1905. Set in New York, the novel examines the status of women at the turn of the 20th century and presents a feminist critique reflected through the main character, Lily Bart.
Key Themes of Feminist Critique
In The House of Mirth, three main aspects of 20th-century society are criticized from a feminist perspective:
- The concept of the Male Gaze
- The limitations of wealthy, single women
- The marriage market
The Male Gaze and Objectification
New York society during the Gilded Age was defined by male spectatorship. The notion of the “Male Gaze” portrays the dominance of men over women. In the society where Edith Wharton lived, women were often excluded from creative or participatory roles, regarded instead as objects of masculine possession. A woman’s primary value was tied to her beauty.
This concept is prevalent throughout the novel. Lawrence Selden’s contemplation of Lily reflects the objectification of women. Furthermore, in the Tableau Vivant scene, Lily and other women are depicted as ornaments and chattel. Female characters use expensive dresses and jewels to display wealth, reinforcing their status as decorative objects.
The idea that women are conditioned to be futile and bound only to beauty is highlighted repeatedly. For instance, when Lily attempts to work, she is ultimately dismissed due to her perceived lack of utility and inability to conform to rigid social expectations.
Limitations of Wealthy, Single Women
Another issue of the Gilded Age criticized in the novel is the limitations placed on wealthy, single women. Single women were expected to adhere to strict, puritanical standards established by the upper class. Lily frequently challenges these stereotypes.
In one scene, Lily expresses exhaustion to Selden regarding the social constraints placed upon her, contrasting her situation with the freedom of action enjoyed by men. Additionally, when Lily visits Selden’s apartment for tea and later encounters Rosedale at the train station, she lies about her whereabouts. She is acutely aware of the social consequences and the rumors that could destroy her reputation if the truth were revealed.