Essential Linguistic Concepts: Semantics and Grammar

Semantic Relationships

• Synonym: Occurs when several significant differences have the same meaning.
• Antonym: When two signifiers have opposite meanings.
• Polysemy: Consists of attributing several meanings to the same signifier.
• Homophones: Words that sound alike but have different meanings.
• Homographs: Words that are spelled the same but have different meanings.

Nouns and Pronouns

• Noun: A variable word that refers to people or things and can perform the function of a subject in a sentence.
• Gender: A grammatical category that distinguishes between masculine and feminine names.
• Number: Differentiates between singular and plural forms.
• Pronoun: A variable word class that replaces nouns or nominal groups and performs their functions in a sentence.
• Classes of Pronouns: Personal, indefinite, demonstrative, relative, possessive, interrogative, numeral, and exclamative.

Determinants and Numerals

• Determinants: Variable words that accompany the noun, define its meaning, and indicate gender or number.
• Classes of Determinants: Demonstrative, indefinite, possessive, interrogative, numeral, and exclamative.
• Classes of Numeral Determinants: Cardinal, ordinal, partitive, and multiplicative.
• Cardinal: Indicate the exact number of objects (e.g., one, three, twenty-three, hundred thousand, eight million).
• Ordinals: Indicate the position of objects in a series (e.g., first, fifth, twelfth, twenty-third).
• Partitive: Express one of the equal parts into which a whole is divided (e.g., half).
• Multiplicative: Express a product (e.g., double, triple, quadruple).

Adjectives and Verbs

• Adjective: A variable word class whose main function is to complement the noun by expressing a quality or property.
• Verb: A variable word class expressing processes or states, performing the core function of the predicate.

Indicative Mood

Present: Sing, fear, depart. Pret. Perf. Compuesto: Have sung.
Pret. Imperfecto: Sang, feared, departed. Pret. Plusquamperfecto: Had sung.
Pret. Perfecto Simple: Sang, feared, departed. Pret. Anterior: Had sung.
Future: Will sing, will fear, will depart. Future Perfect: Will have sung.
Conditional: Would sing, would fear, would depart. Conditional Perfect: Would have sung.

Subjunctive Mood

Present: Sing, fear, depart. Pret. Perf. Compuesto: Have sung.
Pret. Imperfecto: Sang, feared, departed. Pret. Plusquamperfecto: Would have sung.
Future: Shall sing, shall fear, shall depart. Future Perfect: Shall have sung.