Chemical Nomenclature: Oxides, Hydrides, Acids and Salts

Chemical Nomenclature Rules

Valencia: Ag (1), Zn, Cd (2), Al (3), Cu, Hg-mercur (1,2), Au (1,3), Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn (2,3), Sn, Pb, Pt (2,4), F (1), Cl, Br, I (1,3,5,7), S, Se, Te (2,4,6), N, P, As, Sb (3,5), C, Si (4).

Salts: Cr (6), Mn (3,4,6,7).

Oxides

Oxides: Metal + O (metal oxides); Non-metal + O (anhydrides); Peroxides: +1 O₂.

Hydrides

Hydrides: Metallic hydrides (metal + H); Non-metallic hydrides (F, Cl, Br, I, S, Se, Te): HF, fluoride, dH, hydrofluoric acid (aqueous solution); dH-sulfide H₂S, hydrosulfuric acid.

Volatile hydrides (C, N, P, As, Sb): NH₃ ammonia; PH₃ phosphine; AsH₃ arsine; SbH₃ stibine; SiH₄ silane; N₂H₄ hydrazine; BH₃ borane; CH₄ methane.

Binary Salts

Binary salts (F, Cl, Br, I, S, Se, Te): AlCl₃ aluminum chloride; CuBr₂ copper (II) bromide; Fe₂S₃ iron (III) sulfide.

Metal + non-metal: BrF₃ bromine trifluoride; CS dicarbon monosulfide.

Hydroxides

CuOH copper (I) hydroxide; Mg(OH)₂ magnesium hydroxide; Fe(OH)₃ iron (III) hydroxide.

Oxoacids

Oxoacids (+ 1 H₂O to oxide):

• Halogens (Cl, Br, I): HClO hypochlorous acid; HClO₂ chlorous acid; HClO₃ chloric acid; HClO₄ perchloric acid.
• Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium (S, Se, Te): H₂SO₂ hyposulfurous acid; H₂SO₃ sulfurous acid; H₂SO₄ sulfuric acid.
• Nitrogen (N): HNO₂ nitrous acid; HNO₃ nitric acid.
• Carbon (C): H₂CO₃ carbonic acid.

META (+1 H₂O), PYRO (+2 H₂O), ORTHO (+3 H₂O) for P, As, Sb: HPO₂ metaphosphorous acid; H₄P₂O₅ pyrophosphorous acid; H₃PO₃ phosphorous acid; HPO₃ metaphosphoric acid; H₄P₂O₇ pyrophosphoric acid; H₃PO₄ phosphoric acid.

Boron (B): HBO₂ metaboric acid; H₃BO₃ (ortho) boric acid.

Manganese (Mn): H₂MnO₄ manganic acid; HMnO₄ permanganic acid.

Chromium (Cr): H₂CrO₄ chromic acid; H₂Cr₂O₇ dichromic acid.

Thioacids

Thioacids (replacing O with S): H₂S₂O₃ thiosulfuric acid; H₃PO₃S thiophosphoric acid.

Cations and Anions

Fe³⁺ iron (III) cation; Cl^- chloride ion; NO₃^- nitrate ion (nitrite NO₂^-); SO₄^2- sulfate ion (sulfite SO₃^2-).

Oxysalts

Oxysalts — hypo-ite, ite, ate, per-ate: KClO (K⁺ + ClO^-) potassium hypochlorite; Co(NO₃)₂ (Co²⁺ + 2 NO₃^-) cobalt (II) nitrate.