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Catalan Language Rules: Orthography, Syntax, and Grammar

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Theme 3: Instructional Text Standards

Instructional texts provide clear, precise, and tidy rules or tips for completing tasks. The standard structure includes:

  • Presentation: Lists necessary materials.
  • Procedure: Explains steps in a short, orderly, and clear manner.
  • Additional Resources: Often includes material charts.

Orthographic Rules: Consonants

  • B / V: Use 'b' before 'l' and 'r', and after 'm'. Use 'v' for endings like -ava, -aves, -aven, alternating with 'u'.
  • G / GU: Use 'g' before 'a', 'o', 'u'. Use 'gu' before vowels 'i' and 'e'.
  • C / Q / QU: Use 'c' before 'a', 'o', 'u'. Use 'q' before diphthongs (ua, uo, ue, ui). Use 'qu' before 'e'.

Nouns and Syntax

Nouns designate people or things, categorized by gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). Syntax typically utilizes simple, declarative sentences. Verbs often appear in the imperative form or as impersonal periphrastic obligations. Use precise lexicon and logical connectors.

Graphic and Non-Verbal Resources

Replace informal markers with standard punctuation (periods, semicolons). Incorporate non-verbal communication through specific signs or gestures.

Item 4: Advanced Orthography and Abbreviations

Graphs M / N

  • M: Used before 'b', 'p', and 'f' (with exceptions). Used in words beginning with prefixes like con-, in-, and circum-.
  • N: Used before any consonant except 'm', 'b', 'p', and 'f'.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviations represent words through truncation or contraction. Acronyms are formed from initial letters of multiple words:

  • NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
  • ID: Identity Document
  • ESO: Educació Secundària Obligatòria
  • FMI: Fons Monetari Internacional
  • UAB: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
  • MNAC: Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya

Pronouns and Description

Pronouns substitute nouns. Strong pronouns carry tonic syllables, while weak pronouns (clitics) attach to the verb. Description explains the characteristics of an object or person:

  • Technical Description: Objective, used in expository texts.
  • Literary Description: Subjective, aesthetic, and often used within narratives to pause action or provide environmental detail in Catalan.

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