Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Other courses

Emergency Assessment Questions

• Is anyone else ill, injured, or hurt? - ¿Hay alguien más enfermo, lesionado o herido?
• Were you alone here? - ¿Estaba usted solo aquí?
• Are you a family member or a friend? - ¿Eres miembro de la familia o amigo?
• Can you translate for me? - ¿Puede traducir?
• Can you tell me what happened? - ¿Puede decirme qué pasó?
• Can you answer a few questions for me? - ¿Puedes responderme a algunas preguntas?
• May I call someone for you? - ¿Puedo llamar a alguien por usted?

Symptom and Condition Inquiries

• What's wrong? - ¿Qué te pasa? ¿Cuál es tu problema?
• What's bothering you the most? - ¿Qué le molesta? (¿Qué es lo que más le molesta?)
• What else? - ¿Qué más?
• What happens? - ¿Qué sucede?
• Can you tell me how you are

Reported Speech Rules

Direct speech: "My parents are vegetarian." -> Reported speech: He said that his parents were vegetarian.

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

• Present Simple (I take) -> Past Simple (I took)
• Present Continuous (I am taking) -> Past Continuous (I was taking)
• Past Simple (I took) -> Past Perfect Simple (I had taken)
• Present Perfect Simple (I have taken) -> Past Perfect Simple (I had taken)
• Will (I will take) -> Would (I would take)
• Can (I can take) -> Could (I could take)
• Must (I must take) -> Had to (I had to take)

Example: "If you don't sit down, I will send you out!" (The teacher to a pupil) -> The teacher said to a pupil that if he didn't sit down, he would send him out.

Time and Place Expressions

• Here ->

A Personal Journey: Places, People, and Aspirations

My Hometown: Burriana, Spain

I live in Burriana, a middle-sized town situated on the east coast of Spain. It has approximately 40,000 citizens. Burriana is a very beautiful city and belongs to the Comunidad Valenciana.

This town boasts a very long beach and is quite touristic, especially because the Fallas are celebrated here in March. These festivities are internationally known. The area surrounding the town is characterized by vast orange groves.

A Visited City: Rome, Italy

I have visited Rome, which is situated in Southern Europe. It has approximately 4,000,000 citizens. Rome is often called the "Eternal City" because of its immense age and historical significance. Rome possesses a wealth of...

There Is, There Are, and Have Got / Has Got

Examples and Translations:

• There are two cats on the roof: Hay dos gatos en el tejado.
• You have got a beautiful apartment: Tú tienes un apartamento bonito.
• Hans has got two sisters: Hans tiene dos hermanas.
• There is some cake in the fridge: Hay algo de tarta en la nevera.
• It is very small: Es muy pequeña.
• Her sister has got a hamster: Su hermana tiene un hámster.
• There are two lamps in the bedroom: Hay dos lámparas en el dormitorio.
• There is a big bed in the bedroom: Hay una cama grande en el dormitorio.
• There are two cats on the roof: Hay dos gatos en el tejado.
• There are three boys in the sitting room: Hay tres chicos en el cuarto de estar.
• There are some books on the table: Hay algunos libros sobre la

Vineyta 1874 torna monarq borb i Allfons XIII, const 76 garantir estab política, Bipartidisme: sistema polític en què dos partits principals es reparteixen el poder i alternen el govern. Durant la Restauració, eren el Partit Conservador i el Partit Liberal. Torn dinàstic: mecanisme pel qual els dos partits dinàstics (conservadors i liberals) s'alternaven en el govern de manera pactada, independentment dels resultats reals de les eleccions. Encasellat: procés previ a les eleccions en què el govern elaborava una llista dels candidats que havien de resultar elegits a cada districte. Clientelisme: relació de dependència entre una persona influent (cacic) i els seus seguidors, als quals oferia favors, feina o protecció a canvi de suport...

Mahalliy davlat hokimiyatining konstitutsiyaviy asoslarini yoritib bering?

O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasida mahalliy davlat hokimiyati hamda uni amalga oshiruvchi organlarga alohida XXI bob ajratilgan. U «Mahalliy davlat hokimiyati asoslari» deb nomlanib, eng avvalo, mahalliy davlat hokimiyati organlarining tizimini belgilab qo‘ygan.

O‘zbekistonda mahalliy hokimiyat organlarining ikki turi mavjud:

• vakillik hokimiyati organlari — xalq deputatlari Kengashlari;
• ijro hokimiyati organlari — hokimlar.

Vakillik organlari — xalq deputatlari Kengashlari viloyatlarda, tumanlarda va shaharlarda tashkil etiladi. Tumanga bo‘ysunuvchi shaharlarda esa tashkil etilmaydi. 2017-yil dekabrdan boshlab Toshkent shahri tumanlarida ham xalq deputatlari Kengashlari...

Filosofía de Descartes

• Certeza: Estado subjetivo de seguridad absoluta respecto a la verdad de un conocimiento que no puede ponerse en duda. Es el objetivo último del conocimiento humano, y corresponde a la correspondencia entre la idea evidente y la certeza.
• Método: Conjunto de reglas ciertas y fáciles gracias a las cuales todo lo que se observa exactamente no tomará nunca por falso lo que es verdadero, y alcanzarán el conocimiento verdadero de todo aquello que sean capaces.
• Duda: Proceso subjetivo de conocimiento por el cual cuestionamos el valor de aquello que se nos presenta como verdadero. La duda es la primera consecuencia del método cartesiano, que aconseja no aceptar como verdadero más que lo evidente.
• Evidencia: Aprehensión directa

El empirismo británico

El empirismo se desarrolló en las islas británicas durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, representado principalmente por Locke, Berkeley y Hume. Sostiene que la única fuente de conocimiento es la experiencia y se centra en estudiar el origen y la evolución de este.

Afirma que la mente y el entendimiento humano son una «tabla rasa» sobre la cual la experiencia va registrando datos. Por ello, niega rotundamente la existencia de ideas innatas y descarta el conocimiento con validez universal y necesaria en el ámbito factual. Establece límites más allá de los cuales no es posible conocer: la evidencia sensible o la experiencia. Centra su actividad en las ciencias naturales y rechaza la metafísica, adoptando el modelo...

Inquiry Regarding Private Lessons in Madrid

Dear Mr. Brown,

I am writing in response to an advertisement I saw for private classes. I am interested in enrolling and would appreciate it if you could send me more information about the subjects you teach.

First, the advertisement mentions that the private classes are held in Madrid. I was also wondering if students can choose the subjects and the preferred schedule. I will be attending high school until June and will have many exams. Finally, I would like to know if it is possible to pay in installments.

Thank you very much for your help. I look forward to your response.

English Grammar: Future Tenses

• Future Continuous:
  • (+) Subject + will be + verb-ing + complements
  • (-) Subject + won't be + verb-ing +

To Be

Present Past

I am (yo soy) I was (yo era)

You are (usted está) You were (usted estaba)

He is (él es) He was (él era)

She is (ella es) She was (ella era)

It is (eso es) It was (eso era)

We are (nosotros somos) We were (nosotros éramos)

They are (ellos son) They were (ellos eran)

To be (past) + verb (ing)

• Present Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb

Personal Pronoun + Verb + -s (3rd person singular)

- Negative: Personal Pronoun + do/hacer (does/hace) + not + Verb

Am and are = do; is = does

- Interrogative: Do/Does + Personal Pronoun + Verb?

• Past Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb (-ed or irregular)

Examples of irregular verbs: blow/blew, forget/forgot, understand/understood, tell/told, run/