Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Other courses

Essential Business & Marketing Terms (English-Spanish)

• Advertising Hype: despliegue publicitario
• Awareness: conciencia
• Challenger: competidor
• Endorsement: persona conocida (que apoya un producto)
• Launch: lanzamiento
• Leader: líder
• Placement: productos usados en películas (emplazamiento)
• Raise: elevar
• Range: gama
• Reliable: de confianza
• Segment: sector
• Share: cuota de mercado
• Stretching: extensión (de marca)
• Timeless: atemporal
• Upmarket: de lujo

Key Phrasal Verbs for Business Communication

• Be taken aback: sorprenderse
• Take off: crecer rápidamente
• Take on: emplear, asumir
• Take out: disponer, sacar
• Take over: tomar el control

Powerful Business Idioms & Their Meanings

• A level playing field: competencia leal
• A major player: persona importante, actor principal
• Ahead

Verbos Irregulares: Presente y Pasado

• Begin, began (empezar, comenzar)
• Find, found (encontrar)
• Forget, forgot (olvidar)
• Get, got (obtener, conseguir)
• Give, gave (dar)
• Go, went (ir)
• Know, knew (saber, conocer)
• Learn, learnt (aprender)
• Lend, lent (prestar)
• Make, made (hacer, fabricar)
• Pay, paid (pagar)
• Read, read (leer)
• Sit, sat (sentarse)
• Stand, stood (permanecer, quedarse)
• Take, took (tomar)
• Think, thought (pensar, creer)
• Write, wrote (escribir)
• Sleep, slept (dormir)

Conjugación del Verbo To Be

Presente

I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, you are, they are.

Pasado

I was, you were, he was, she was, it was, we were, you were, they were.

Tiempos Continuos

Presente Continuo (Verbo To Be + -ing)

Ejemplo: I'm reading (Estoy leyendo).

Pasado Continuo (Verbo To Be

Complete List of English Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs: Part 1 (A–F)

• be – was/were – been → ser / estar

• become – became – become → convertirse / llegar a ser

• begin – began – begun → empezar / comenzar

• bite – bit – bitten → morder

• blow – blew – blown → soplar

• break – broke – broken → romper

• bring – brought – brought → traer

• build – built – built → construir

• buy – bought – bought → comprar

• can – could – been able (to) → poder / ser capaz

• catch – caught – caught → atrapar / coger

• choose – chose – chosen → elegir

• come – came – come → venir

• cost – cost – cost → costar

• cut – cut – cut → cortar

• do – did – done → hacer

• dive – dived/dove – dived → bucear

• draw –

Common Spanish Phrases

• Me traes: Can you bring me
• Claro que sí: Of course
• Creo que no: I don't think so
• Creer: To believe
• ¿Qué estás haciendo?: What are you doing?
• ¿Me haces el favor de...?: Can you do me the favor of...?
• Abrir los regalos: To open gifts
• ¿Por qué no?: Why not?
• ¿Qué tal si...?: What if...?

Holidays

• La Nochevieja: New Year's Eve
• La Nochebuena: Christmas Eve
• Las Pascuas: Easter (April)
• El día de los enamorados: Valentine's Day
• El día de los padres: Father's Day (June)
• El día de las madres: Mother's Day (May)
• El día de Acción de Gracias: Thanksgiving (November)
• El año nuevo: New Year's Day
• Julio: Independence Day

Health

• ¿Qué le pasa a...?: What's wrong with...?
• ¿Qué tienes?: What's the matter?
• Tener fiebre: To have a fever
• Tener gripe:

Relative Pronouns

• Who / Whom: People (quien).
• Which: Things (que).
• That: Replaces which and who (que).
• Whose: Possession (cuyo).
• When: Time (cuando).
• Where: Place (donde).

Modal Perfects

• Could/Might have + past participle: Suggests an alternative action that is now too late.
• Might (not), May (not), Could have + past participle: Expresses possibility in the past.
• Must have + past participle: Expresses certainty or logical deduction about the past.
• Couldn't/Can't have + past participle: Expresses impossibility in the past.
• Should/Ought to have + past participle: Used to give an opinion about past events.
• Shouldn't have + past participle: Criticism of past events.
• Needn't have + past participle: Something done in the past that was not necessary.
• Didn't need

Essential Vocabulary: Clothes and Accessories

• Accessory — Accesorio
• Casual / Formal — Informal / Formal
• Baggy — Ancho
• Chunky — Fornido / Grueso
• Fitted — Ajustado
• Smart / Elegant — Elegante
• Flip-flop / High-heels — Chanclas / Tacones altos
• Loose-fitting — Suelto
• High-waisted / Low-waisted — Cintura alta / baja
• Plain — Liso
• Striped — A rayas
• Spotted — A puntos
• Patterned — Estampado
• Stylish — Estiloso
• Tattoo / Piercing — Tatuaje / Piercing
• Hairdo — Peinado
• Sportswear — Ropa de deporte
• Suit / Dress — Traje / Vestido
• Jeans — Vaqueros
• Leather jacket — Chaqueta de cuero
• Trend — Tendencia

Common English Collocations

• Do business — Hacer negocios
• Do damage — Hacer daño
• Do research — Hacer investigación
• Do someone a favour —

English Vocabulary and Grammar Notes

Question Words and Time Expressions

• Why: Porque
• Where: Donde
• Who: Quien
• What: Que, cual
• What time: A que hora
• What colour: De que color
• Whose: De quien
• How: Como
• How many: Cuantos
• How much: Cuantos
• How long: Cuanto tiempo
• How far: A que distancia
• How old: Que edad

Time References

• Now: At the moment
• Today: That day
• Tomorrow: The following day
• Yesterday: The previous day
• Next week: The following week
• Last week: The previous week
• Tonight: That night
• Ago: Before
• Here: There
• This: That
• These: Those

Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Usage

• May / Might: Maybe, perhaps, it's possible, I don't know if (also used with the participle).
• Could: Was able to, knew, managed.
• Must / Have to: It is your duty, it's compulsory/obligatory, oblige to.
• Mustn't / Can'

Common Phrasal Verbs and Their Meanings

• Put on: Poner
• Pick up: Recoger
• Grow up: Crecer
• Sign up: Inscribirse
• Sit back: Sentarse
• Feedback: Retroalimentación / Efecto secundario
• Take someone back: Retomar
• Shout out: Gritar
• Move on: Continuar
• Go back: Regresar / Volver

Health and Literature Vocabulary

Health and Medical Terms

• Digestive system: Aparato digestivo
• Eye infection: Infección de ojo
• Health service: Servicio de salud
• Heart attack: Ataque de corazón
• Overweight: Sobrepeso
• Sick: Enfermo
• Stomach ache: Dolor de estómago
• Heart disease: Enfermedad del corazón

Heart-Related Expressions and Idioms

• A broken heart: Corazón roto
• A heart of gold: Corazón de oro
• A hearty meal: Una comida abundante / para el corazón
• From the bottom of your heart: Desde el fondo de tu

English Vocabulary Essentials

Crime and Justice Vocabulary

• arrest: arresto
• break the law: romper la ley
• commit a crime: cometer un crimen
• get away with (something): salirse con la suya
• get carried away: dejarse llevar
• give a sentence: dictar una sentencia
• go to court: ir al juzgado
• go to prison: ir a prisión
• pay a fine: pagar una multa
• punish: castigar
• spend time in prison: pasar tiempo en prisión
• treat fairly: tratar justamente

Key Nouns in Crime and Justice

• criminal: criminal
• judge: juez
• offender: delincuente
• victim: víctima
• witness: testigo

Noun Suffixes

Learn how to form nouns from verbs and other words:

• Assist → assistance
• Contaminate → contamination
• Discover → discovery
• Disturb → disturbance
• Enquire → enquiry
• Establish → establishment
• Examine →