Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Physics for Secondary education

1-D Motion

Can be described with zero displacement

Cannot be described with zero distance

Distance [x] = how far you move

Displacement [Δx] = distance from start to end

Speed = how fast [v = d/t]

Velocity = speed and direction [v = Δx/Δt]

Position/time: where we are at any given time

velocity = slope

v decreasing: A -> E

stationary: D

v increasing: A/none

greatest speed: A

Velocity/time: how fast we're going at any given time

acceleration/speeding up = slope

Stationary: A, L

Constant: H, E, D

Slowing down: K, J, I

Speeding up: B, C, F, G

Acceleration

Kinematic Equations:

1. V [end velocity] = V₀ [initial velocity] + at

ex. How fast do we hit the ground?

t = 20s

a = g = ~9.8 m/s²

x = 0m (x-axis intercept)

V₀...

Methods of Charging

• Charging by friction: Involves one material losing electrons and the other gaining. This usually occurs when you rub two objects together and is determined by the triboelectric series.
• Charging by induction: The process where a charged particle is held near an uncharged particle.

Kirchhoff's Laws

1st Law: The current in equals the current out.

2nd Law: EMF equals the Potential Difference (P.D.) on a loop.

Electric Shock Severity

Factors that affect the severity of a shock:

• The amount of current (A) involved in the electric circuit
• Duration and time of exposure

Material Conductivity

Conductors: Allow electrons to pass readily through them (e.g., copper wire).

Insulators: Restrict the movement of charge (e.g., plastic sheath).

Semi-conductors:...

State the properties of solid state.

^{Ans: Solid has a definite shape, mass, and volume. The matter in its solid-state has the lowest amount of thermal energy as there is no space for the particles to move around. Solid tends to have a great electrical conductivity.}

What is a mixture? Give examples.

^{Ans: A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs. A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components. Some examples of mixtures are a tossed salad, salt water and a mixed bag of M&M's candy.}

What is solubility?

^{Ans: Solubility: The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent. The maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved}

History of Electricity

Chapter 1: Dimensional Analysis and Measurement

Understanding Dimensions and Models

Dimensional analysis is a method used to verify the correctness of physical relationships by examining the dimensions of the quantities involved. A model is a representation or analogy that helps us understand complex phenomena by relating them to something familiar.

Trigonometry and Accuracy

Trigonometry, the study of triangles and their relationships, plays a crucial role in physics. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value.

SI Units and the Search for Order

The International System of Units (SI) provides standardized units for scientific measurements. The SI unit of time is the second, the unit of length is the meter, and the unit of mass...

Understanding Structures: Definition and Types

A structure is the set of elements intended to resist the forces acting upon it, providing rigidity and maintaining its shape.

Examples of Structures

Natural Structures

• Trees
• Bones
• Spiderwebs

Artificial Structures

• Buildings
• Bridges
• Furniture

Types of Artificial Structures

Framework Structures

These structures form the skeletal framework of an object, providing its primary support and shape.

Laminar or Plate Structures

These structures surround and protect an object, typically composed of thin sheets of metal, plastic, or similar materials.

Forces and Stresses on Structures

Key Concepts: Force, Load, and Stress

Defining Force

A force is any influence that can deform a body (a static effect) or alter its state of motion...

Deriving Key Physics Formulas

Deriving v = u + at

    → v = u + at

Deriving s = ut + ½ at²

V_average =     But v = u + at       → V_average =  

V_average = s/t    → s = V_average(t)    → s = (t)     → s = ut + ½ at²

Deriving v² = u² + 2as

v = u + at   → v² = u² + 2uat + (at)²    {multiply out both sides}

We can rewrite this as v² = u² + 2a(ut + ½ at²)             {because 2a(ut + ½ at²) = 2uat + (at)²}

Now sub in s = ut + ½ at²    → v² = u² + 2as

Force and Motion

- F = Bqv: Consider a section of conductor of length l through which a current I is flowing.

If q is the charge which carries the current in this section of the conductor, then:

I = q/t, where t is the time it takes the charge q to travel

Understanding Energy: Definition and Units

Energy is the ability of bodies to perform work. Key formulas and conversions include:

• E = P * t (Energy = Power * time)
• E = Q * U (Energy = Charge * Voltage)

Common units of energy are: 1 Watt-hour (Wh) and 1 Joule (J). Important conversions are:

• 1 Joule (J) = 0.239 calories (cal)
• 1 calorie (cal) = 4.18 Joules (J)
• 1 Watt-hour (Wh) = 3,600 Joules (J)

Forms of Energy

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

Mechanical Energy

Gravitational Force

Gravitational force is the fundamental force of attraction that exists between any two objects with mass. It causes the acceleration experienced by an object in the vicinity of a planet or satellite. Due to gravity, we feel weight. If an object is on a planet and not under the influence of other forces, it will experience an acceleration directed approximately towards the center of the planet. It is also known as gravity, gravitational pull, or gravitational interaction.

Weight

Weight is a force. The force exerted on bodies due to gravity is known as body weight. The weight of a body is proportional to its mass; i.e., the higher the body's mass, the greater its weight.

Spring Tide

These are the tides that occur during the full...

Energy: The Driver of Change

Energy drives all changes and movements in the universe and our daily lives. The main forms of energy include:

• Heat: Energy from sources like the sun, ovens, and dryers.
• Electricity: The most essential and widespread power in modern societies, used for lamps, phones, and computers.
• Chemical: Produces movement, heat, and electricity, such as burning gasoline in engines or chemical reactions in batteries.
• Kinetic: Energy possessed by bodies in motion; the higher the speed, the greater the kinetic energy.
• Potential: Energy stored in bodies based on their height above the ground; the greater the height, the more potential energy.

Understanding Movement

• Path of Movement: The different positions occupied over time.
• Position: The