Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Physics for Baccalaureate

Acoustics Fundamentals

Acoustics is the part of physics that deals with the study of sound from sound waves.

Sound Waves

Are those that produce sound.

Mechanical Waves

These are waves that produce due to a disturbance, and their propagation in the form of oscillation requires a material medium.

Classification of Mechanical Waves

This classification agrees with the direction in which a wave vibrates the particles of the material medium.

Longitudinal Waves

They occur when material particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Transverse Waves

They occur when material particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Sound Definition

A longitudinal mechanical wave that propagates through an...

Understanding Temperature and Heat

Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, perceived through our sense of touch as hot or cold. It reflects the internal energy level of a body.

Heat Transfer Methods

Heat can be transferred through three primary methods:

• Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.
• Convection: Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
• Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

Units of Heat

• Calorie: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
• BTU (British Thermal Unit): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Thermal Expansion

• Linear Expansion:

Magnetic Fields

A magnetic field is the disturbance produced by a magnet in an area of space. It is manifested by the interactions that occur in that area with other magnets or moving electric currents.

Oersted's Experience and the Lorentz Force

Oersted's experience shows that electric charges at rest do not create magnetic fields, but if they are moving, then they do.

The Lorentz Force: If we introduce a moving charge into a magnetic field, it will experience a force given by the expression...

Similarities and Differences Between Electric and Magnetic Fields: An Analogy

• Both fields are generated by electric charges.
• Electric field strength and magnetic field strength depend inversely on the square of the distance to the point where we make the measurement.

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge: The Lorentz Law

The force exerted on an electric charge has the following characteristics:

• If the charge is at rest, no forces act upon it.
• If the charge moves with velocity v, it experiences a force proportional to the value of the charge q, perpendicular to the velocity v.
• The magnitude depends on the direction of the velocity vector v: if it has a certain direction, the magnetic force is zero; if the vector v is perpendicular to that direction, the magnetic force is maximal.

These properties are summarized in the Lorentz Law:

F = q(v × B)
The module is F = |q|vB sin(α), where α is the angle formed by B and v.

Magnetic Force and Trajectory

The magnetic force acting on a charge is perpendicular to the velocity...

What is Physics?

Physics is the science that aims at studying the properties of substances and their interactions, in order to explain the general properties of bodies and natural phenomena without changing their nature.

What is Scientific Notation?

Scientific notation is the process whereby a number can be written as the product of two factors, where the first factor is a number between 1 and 10 and the second factor is a power of base 10.

What is Power?

In physics, power is the amount of work done per unit of time.

What are Units?

Units refer to an arbitrary amount to which the value 1 is assigned.

What is Measurement?

Measurement is the basic process of science that involves comparing a selected pattern with the object whose physical magnitude is...

Ancient Worldviews

Worldview: The Greek "cosmos" implied a beautiful order and harmony, as opposed to chaos and disorder. It represents a coherent and systematic view of the world, a total interpretation of reality.

Scientific Worldviews

Theories of science:

• Astronomy: Studies the stars.
• Cosmology: A part of astronomy that explains the origin and evolution of the universe.
• Physics: A fundamental science for understanding the world, contributing laws that explain the movements and forces affecting bodies.

Former Worldviews: 6th Century BC

• Principles of Reality

  The ancients believed that all substances came from the transformation of one or several elements that could be considered the origin of reality.

  • Basic Principle or Arche

    The Milesian school of philosophy

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Theory: Electromagnetism

3. Forces on a Charge in Uniform Fields

a) Is it possible for an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field to move without any force acting on it?

Answer: Yes. If the velocity v is parallel (or antiparallel) to the magnetic field B, then the magnetic force q v × B is zero and no magnetic force acts on the charge.

b) Is it possible for the kinetic energy not to change?

Answer: Yes. In a purely magnetic field the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity, so it does no work and the kinetic energy of the particle does not change.

5. Charged Particle Entering a Uniform Electric Field

a) A charged particle enters a uniform electric field with velocity perpendicular to the field. Describe the path followed and explain...

The Nature of Light

The question regarding the nature of light has been a problem from antiquity until the 20th century. During this period, two theories were developed: the corpuscular theory, which considered that light is composed of particles or corpuscles, and the wave theory, which defended that light behaves like a wave. Both theories were valid as they explained the phenomena of reflection and refraction. However, the wave theory could also explain oscillatory phenomena such as interference and diffraction, as well as why the speed of light is greater in less dense media. Additionally, the development of Maxwell's electromagnetism in the 19th century stated that the wave theory was correct and that light was an electromagnetic wave.

In...

electric field: in the era before Faraday, the force between two charged particles was interpreted as a direct interaction and instantantanea including bone, an action at a distance where the space between the loads is intervenia.Este same concept was used to explain gravitational and magnetic interactions. At present, these interactions are implemented using the concept of field.
each electric charge changes the characteristics of the surrounding space, communicating certain properties that make up the electric field. the electric field acts as intermediary in the interaction between the two charges.
electric field strength: to determine the properties of electric field is used to positive charges (loads of evidence) to be so small that...