Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Vocabulary and Contextual Synonyms

1. Without consulting the dictionary, suggest 1 alternative for the following words and phrases in the text, replacing them exactly as required in the context:

• a) clobber (1:5): assault
• b) settled (3:1): resolved
• c) peers (4:2): partners or colleagues

Central Idea and Textual Analysis

2. Restate the central idea of the text in one sentence.

• Respuesta: Violence doesn't guarantee success; therefore, problems and controversies are mostly resolved without violent acts.

Metaphorical Language and Punctuation

3. Why has the author enclosed the word "merchandise" in inverted commas? Explain.

• Respuesta: It is expressed metaphorically. Despite the fact that a controversial case has already been solved, it can still resurface

Part 1: Multiple Choice Practice

• I was working when you texted me last night.
• She talked to the client yesterday morning.
• I am looking for the exams right now.
• He was turning the TV on when the power went out.
• We were dealing with the issue when the system suddenly crashed.

Part 2: Verb Tense Comparison

Focusing on Present Progressive, Past Progressive, and Simple Past.

• I was picking up my friend when you called me.
• She did not follow up with the client yesterday.
• We are waking up right now.
• They arrived late this morning.
• I was looking for my keys when I found my phone.

Part 3: Phrasal Verbs in Context

• I ran into my teacher.
• Correction: She’s looking for the information (instead of "She’s looking the information").
• You waited for me yesterday.
• We talked

Uveitis Signs and Symptoms

Anterior Uveitis

• Reduced visual acuity (VA)
• Ciliary injection/flush around the limbus
• Miosis due to pupillary sphincter spasm
• Formation of posterior synechiae
• Anterior chamber cells and flare
• 'Spillover' of cells into the vitreous
• Hypopyon (white blood cell collection)
• Keratic precipitates (large/greasy suggest systemic; small suggest AAU)

Intermediate Uveitis

• Cells and flare
• Scattered keratic precipitates
• Vitreous cell spillover
• Vitreous snowballs and snow banking (white cells seen on fundus)
• Neovascularization and cystoid macular edema (CMO)

Grading Systems

Cells (/1x1 mm)

• 0: <1 | 0.5+: 1–5 | 1+: 6–15 | 2+: 16–25 | 3+: 26–50 | 4+: >50

Flare

• 0: None | 1+: Faint | 2+: Moderate (iris/lens clear) | 3+: Marked (iris/lens hazy)

1. Book Review: Don Quixote

If you are a fan of classic stories, you will love Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. It is one of the most famous books in Spanish literature and it quickly catches the reader’s attention.

The novel tells the story of Don Quixote, a man who believes he is a knight, and his loyal friend Sancho Panza. Together, they live many funny and surprising adventures.

I really enjoyed this book because it is both entertaining and meaningful. What I liked most was the humour of the story. For example, the scene where Don Quixote fights the windmills is unforgettable. However, one drawback is that some parts are long and difficult to understand.

To sum up, I would highly recommend it because it is fascinating and full of memorable...

Anemia Classifications and Management

• Iron Deficiency: Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath (SOB), chest pain (CP), and brittle hair/nails.
• Pernicious Anemia: Caused by autoimmune destruction or gastric surgery, leading to B12 malabsorption and decreased RBCs.
• Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Essential for RBC production.
• Folic Acid Deficiency: Lack of folate prevents RBC production. Determine the cause of anemia before administering folic acid; if heavy periods are present, consult an OBGYN.
• Sickle Cell Anemia: Characterized by abnormal hemoglobin and rigid, sickle-shaped RBCs. Causes severe pain (vaso-occlusion), swollen hands/feet, and poor wound healing.

Iron Supplementation Protocols

• Take iron with Vitamin C; avoid milk or antacids.
• Use Z-track

Level 1: Vocabulary and Grammar Practice

Section 1: Key Vocabulary

• 1. Slightly
• 2. Adjust
• 3. Sibling
• 4. Out of the question
• 5. Be focused
• 6. Exhausted

Section 2: Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

• 1. Under
• 2. Out
• 3. Back
• 4. On
• 5. Over
• 6. In
• 7. Turn

Section 3: Health and Medical Terms

1. Healthcare
2. Prescriptions
3. Meet their expectations
4. Average
5. Assume
6. Prevent

Section 4: Relative Clauses in Sentences

1. The doctor who treated me seemed very young.
2. Nancy, whose leg is broken, won’t be going on the class trip.
3. I can recommend a good spa where you can relax.
4. Pilates, which gives you strength and flexibility, is highly recommended.
5. Doug is following a healthy eating plan that includes fruit and vegetables.
6. I’ll always remember the moment when they told me I was cured.

Section 5: Formal

Diuretics (Water Pills)

Diuretics, also known as water pills, are medications that help your body get rid of excess fluid by increasing urine production. They are commonly used to treat conditions like high blood pressure, heart failure, and edema (swelling caused by fluid retention).

Types of Diuretics

1. Thiazide Diuretics: These are often used to treat high blood pressure. Examples include hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone.
2. Loop Diuretics: These are used to treat edema and heart failure. Examples include furosemide (Lasix) and bumetanide.
3. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: These help the body get rid of water without losing potassium. Examples include spironolactone and amiloride.

How Diuretics Work

Diuretics work on different parts of the kidneys...

I. Foundations

Epidemiology: The study of the distribution (who, where, when) and determinants (why, how) of health and disease in populations.

• Goal: Reduce morbidity and mortality through prevention.
• Scientific Method: Observation → Hypothesis → Test → Conclusion → Action.

Key Definitions:

• Distribution: Frequency and pattern of health events by person, place, and time.
• Determinants: Causes, risk factors, or exposures that affect health outcomes.
• Population: The group under study.
• Prevention: Primary (prevent onset), Secondary (early detection), Tertiary (reduce disability).

II. Measures of Disease Frequency

Environmental Vocabulary

• Survive: Stay alive despite difficult conditions.
• Wash away: Destroy something with water.
• Relocate: Move to another place.
• Die out: Stop existing.
• Evacuated: Move people from a place of danger to a safer place.
• Devastate: Destroy something.
• Preserve: Protect something for the future.
• Contaminate: Poison and make something bad.
• Spread: Affect a larger area or a bigger group of people.

Vocabulary Prefixes

Common prefixes: semi-, under-, over-, re-, co-, inter-.

Charity and Social Action Vocabulary

• Take part in an event / marathon
• Raise money / awareness
• Transform lives / a situation
• Donate money / clothes
• Aid poor people / developing countries
• Address an issue / a problem
• Volunteer time / help
• Support a charity / a campaign

English Grammar:

Oral hypoglycemic drugs (also called oral antidiabetic drugs) are medications used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels. They are classified based on their mechanism of action.

Classification of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

Insulin Secretagogues

These drugs stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.

• Sulfonylureas
  • First-generation: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide
  • Second-generation: Glipizide, Glyburide (Glibenclamide), Gliclazide, Glimepiride
• Meglitinides (Glinides)
  • Repaglinide
  • Nateglinide

Insulin Sensitizers

These agents enhance insulin action in peripheral tissues.

• Biguanides
  • Metformin (the most commonly used first-line agent)
• Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
  • Pioglitazone
  • Rosiglitazone

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

These medications...