Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Essential Medical and Surgical Terminology

1. Anaesthetic

   A substance that induces insensitivity to pain.

2. Cosmetic

   Involving or relating to treatment intended to restore or improve a person's appearance.

3. Cure

   A substance or treatment that cures a disease or condition.

4. Enlarge

   Make or become bigger or more extensive.

5. Ethical

   Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

6. Incision

   A surgical cut made in skin or flesh.

7. Infection

   The process of infecting or the state of being infected.

8. Inject

   Drive or force (a liquid, especially a drug or vaccine) into a person or animal's body with a syringe or similar device.

9. Intervention

   Action taken to improve a situation, especially a medical disorder.

10. Needle

    A very fine slender piece of metal with a

Unit 5: Lexical Aspect and Aktionsart

Aspectual Feature Matrix

• States: [+static, +durative, -telic]
• Activities: [-static, +durative, -telic]
• Accomplishments: [-static, +durative, +telic]
• Achievements: [-static, -durative, +telic]
• Semelfactives: [-static, -durative, -telic]

Diagnostic Tests for Aspectual Classes

Clinical Case Scenarios

• 85 YO Patient: DM/Osteoporosis (B) → Insufficient physical activity. Recommendation: Calcium supplementation.
• 68 YO Patient: (C) → Nitro 100mg x2, T 4mg. (B) → J/UC/CRP/US (Interpretation unclear, likely lab/imaging tests).
• 82 YO Patient: Pneumonia (Pn) + Pyelonephritis (B) → Ceftriaxone 750 mg once.
• 86 YO Patient: C. difficile Treatment (Tx) (D) → Discontinue Ceftriaxone; initiate Vancomycin.
• 84 YO Patient: Fall Prevention in Elderly → Shortest option (Focus on factors other than fatigue or agility).
• Women with Depression → Treatment: CITALOPRAM.

Key Clinical Concepts and Questions

• Gastrointestinal (GI) Changes with Age (D): Decreased salivary gland function, decreased liver size, decreased detoxification potential.

Examine=monitor, verify, control

Overall=total

Controversial=polemical, contradictory

Unclear=confusing

Assessment=evaluation

Crucial=important, main, essential, vital

Management=administration

Older=senior Ageing=elder

Daily=habitual, everyday

Expenditure=consumption, intake

Actual=real

Actually=really, indeed

At present=currently, today

Provide=supply, give

Whether=if

Encourage=stimulate, incentivize

Portion=serving, piece of...

Develop=grow

Development=growth

Prohibit=ban, forbid

Research=investigation

Researcher=investigator

Thus=in this way

Focus=center

Increasing=rising

In the week=following days

Prohibited=banned

Encouraged=incentivized

Diary=routine

Rise=increase

Result=consequence

Burden=weight

Present=current

Unclear=confusing

Frequency=...

Vowel Articulation: Lip Position and Quantity

Lip Shape and Vowel Length

The position of the lips or shape of the lips can be rounded ( ) or unrounded ( ). Vowel quantity is determined by length: RP 5 long vowels ( ) versus 7 short vowels ( ).

Vowel Length Conditions

• So-called long vowels occur in syllables closed by a voiceless consonant ( ), where they become shorter or halflong (pre-fortis clipping).
• Vowels can be checked or free depending on their phonological distribution.
• Short vowels ( ) are checked because they cannot occur in final stressed syllables.
• Long vowels and diphthongs have no such restriction and are labeled free. The short vowel ( ) falls into this class.

Pure Vowels: Stress and Contrast

Stressed vs. Unstressed Vowels

Pure vowels...

To Have: Verb Conjugation

• Present: I have, you have, he/she/it has, we have, you have, they have
• Preterite: I had, you had, he/she/it had, we had, you had, they had
• Present Continuous: I am having, you are having, he/she/it is having, we are having, you are having, they are having
• Present Perfect: I have had, you have had, he/she/it has had, we have had, you have had, they have had
• Future: I will have, you will have, he/she/it will have, we will have, you will have, they will have
• Future Perfect: I will have had, you will have had, he/she/it will have had, we will have had, you will have had, they will have had
• Past Continuous: I was having, you were having, he/she/it was having, we were having, you were having, they were having
• Past Perfect: I had

Preparation for Large Intestine Examination

Pediatric Constipation

Nitroglycerin

Action: Vasodilator

Indication: Angina, hypertension, MI from cocaine, intoxication

Contraindications: Hypotension, severe bradycardia, increased ICP, intracranial bleeding, erectile dysfunction

Route: Sublingual tablet or spray

Side Effects: Headache, hypotension, lightheadedness

Dosage:

• Tab: 0.4 mg every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses)
• Spray: 0.4 mg every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses)

Albuterol

Action: Stimulates B2 receptors (Bronchodilator)

Indication: Asthma, bronchitis, COPD, bronchoconstriction

Contraindications: Angioedema, hypersensitivity

Route: Inhaled

Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, nausea/vomiting, epistaxis, headache

Dosage:

• Nebulizer: 2.5 mg every 20 minutes (max 3 doses)
• MDI: 4-8 puffs

Nitrous Oxide

Action: Inhaled...

Animal Welfare: Definitions and Scope

Animal Welfare (AW) refers to the actions and procedures used in productive systems, from birth through the state of breeding. This includes offering animals comfort in place and transport, focusing on animal well-being and behavioral patterns.

Key Definitions of Animal Welfare

• Broom (1986): Welfare of an individual is the state as regards to its attempts to cope with its environment.
• Hughes (1976): Welfare on a general level is a state of mental and physical health where the animal is in harmony with its environment.
• Webster (1995): Welfare is the ability to sustain physical and mental fitness.

Historical Context of Animal Welfare

The modern movement gained traction following the 1964 publication of the book...