Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Vocabulary and Phrasal Verbs

• Alias: A different name that somebody uses instead of their real name.
• Pick up: To notice something that is not very obvious or to lift something.
• Upset: Sad, worried, or angry about something.
• Turn off: Apagar.
• Turn on: Encender.
• Plug in: Enchufar.
• Shut down: Apagar.

Financial Terms

• A loan: Un préstamo.
• A savings account: Una cuenta de ahorros.
• Owe: Deber algo.
• Take out a loan: Pedir un préstamo.
• Debt: Deuda.
• Purse: Monedero.
• Branch: An office representing a large company.
• Charity: An organisation that gives money and help to people who need it.
• Founder: Someone who starts an organisation.
• Fake: Made to look like something else.
• Ethical: Considered to be right.

Usage Examples

• Do you think you can lend me money?
• I am thinking of borrowing

Prefixes and Word Families

• Prefixes: Inter- (between), pre- (before), tri- (three), dis- (not), im- (not), hyper- (more than usual), over- (more than usual), re- (again).
• Word Families:
  • Educate, education, educative
  • Terrify, terrified, terrifying
  • Strengthen, strength, strong
  • Criticise, critic, critical
  • Endangered, danger, dangerous
• Word Transformations: Blood/bled, cheat/to cheat, dry/dryness, experience/to experience, frozen/to freeze, hot/heat, just/justification, length/lengthen, low/lower, memory/memorize, modern/modernize, separate/to separate, sure/ensure, threat/en-threat.
• Phrasal Verbs (Off): Delayed (put off), move away (back off), cancelled (call off), shouted at (told off), say goodbye (see off), exploded (gone off), disappeared (went off)

Protecting the Environment

Common Phobias

• Arachnophobia: Fear of spiders
• Technophobia: Fear of technology
• Agoraphobia: Fear of open places
• Acrophobia: Fear of heights
• Claustrophobia: Fear of small places
• Hydrophobia: Fear of water

Expressions of Danger

• In grave danger: To be in a serious and dangerous situation.
• In imminent danger: To be at potential risk in a short period of time.
• Fraught with danger: Full of danger.

Types of Looks and Gazes

Peek

A quick and secret look at something you shouldn't be looking at, especially through a small opening.

• Cautious peek
• Curious peek
• Sneaky peek

Glimpse

To look at something for a short period and not completely.

• Brief glimpse
• Tentative glimpse
• Dreamy glimpse

Glare

An angry look.

• Menacing glare
• Furious glare

Peep

• Surreptitious peep
• Furtive peep
• Intent peep

Gaze

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Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease

Cushing Syndrome is characterized by the production of excess cortisol, often resulting from glucocorticoid (GCD) medication. Cushing Disease specifically refers to a pituitary tumor causing the overproduction of ACTH.

Clinical Features

• Sudden weight gain and truncal obesity
• Buffalo hump and moon face
• Abdominal striae
• Red face (due to thinning blood vessels)
• Hypertension

Laboratory Findings

• Hypernatremia (High Na)
• Hypokalemia (Low K)
• Glucosuria

Diagnosis

1. Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test: In cases of pituitary adenoma, there will be a suppression of cortisol.
2. No Response to Dexamethasone: If cortisol remains high, it indicates an ACTH-secreting tumor or adrenal neoplasia.
3. Adrenal Neoplasia vs. ACTH-Secreting Tumor:

Core Healthcare and Treatment Definitions

• Healthcare (Atención Sanitaria)

  The field concerned with the maintenance or restoration of the health of the body or mind, supplying services, equipment, and information related to maintaining and restoring physical and mental health. Synonyms: medical attention.

• Treatment (Tratamiento)

  The use of medicines, surgery, or other methods in curing a person of a disorder. Synonyms: medical care, remedy, therapy, medication.

• Disease (Enfermedad)

  A disorder or illness that usually results from infection, deficient nutrition, or environmental factors, or a disordered/incorrectly functioning organ.

  Note on Usage: Illness is often used for both more severe and more minor medical problems, including those affecting

Chocolate Production

• Factory: Was set up.
• We: Produce.
• Beans: Are sourced.
• Chocolate: Is made.
• We: Have expanded and opened a new café.
• Our café: Sells products and has been described as a local favorite.
• We: Are launching a new line; you will be taken on a journey of flavor.
• We know you: Will love what you find, though our menu is currently being updated.

All About Pizza

• What are you eating for dinner? Pizza has become increasingly popular.
• Statistics: 5 billion pizzas are eaten annually, with Americans consuming 3 million daily.
• Consumption: 350 slices of pizza are eaten every second.

Margarita Pizza History

• Invention: The Margherita pizza was invented in 1889 and named by its creator.
• USA: It was first served in the USA, where 75,000 pizzas have been

Dictionary and Language Basics

• Important Idiomatic Expressions: Used for pronunciation and identifying parts of speech.
• Phrasal Verbs: Some verbs change meaning when they are combined with specific particles.
• What is a Synonym? A word that has the same meaning as the entry.
• What is Phonemic Script? Used to pronounce a word, written between two diagonal lines.
• Where are Abbreviations? Found at the beginning of the dictionary.
• How to Find a Word? Use alphabetical order; words usually appear in bold.

American vs. British English

• Apartment / Flat
• Subway / Underground
• Pants / Trousers
• Sidewalk / Pavement
• Diaper / Nappy
• First floor / Ground floor (1st floor)
• Elevator / Lift
• Mail / Post
• Cookies / Biscuits (galletas)
• Fries / Chips (papas)
• Parking lot / Car park
• Trunk

Medicine, Health, and Lifestyle

The Importance of Healthy Eating

Eating healthy food helps you keep fit and is very important for our body because extra weight puts additional pressure on joints and bones.

Furthermore, a balanced diet makes it less likely to suffer from heart attacks, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.

Balancing Your Diet: Fats, Sugars, and Salt

While our diet requires some fats, sugars, and salt, consuming them in large quantities is not advisable.

Vitamins, Minerals, and a Fruitful Diet

Providing our body with essential vitamins and minerals is paramount, best achieved through a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Exercise: Benefits and Considerations

Some people believe exercise is the most crucial factor for a healthy lifestyle,...

Appearance

In my opinion, appearance boosts self-confidence and self-esteem, and physical appearance really matters in a relationship. For instance, in a marriage, partners need to take care of themselves physically in order to sustain their relationship. Many women face marital problems as they go out of shape after having children. Those women who take care of their physical appearance tend to have a better rapport with their partners.

Nevertheless, many women are obsessed with looking good in relation to the kind of clothes they wear, make-up, body shape, hair style, skin tone, and so on. In recent years, the general definition of what it means to look good for a man has also changed, including wearing nice clothes, looking after their hair,...