Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Environmental Vocabulary

• Survive: Stay alive despite difficult conditions.
• Wash away: Destroy something with water.
• Relocate: Move to another place.
• Die out: Stop existing.
• Evacuated: Move people from a place of danger to a safer place.
• Devastate: Destroy something.
• Preserve: Protect something for the future.
• Contaminate: Poison and make something bad.
• Spread: Affect a larger area or a bigger group of people.

Vocabulary Prefixes

Common prefixes: semi-, under-, over-, re-, co-, inter-.

Charity and Social Action Vocabulary

• Take part in an event / marathon
• Raise money / awareness
• Transform lives / a situation
• Donate money / clothes
• Aid poor people / developing countries
• Address an issue / a problem
• Volunteer time / help
• Support a charity / a campaign

English Grammar:

Oral hypoglycemic drugs (also called oral antidiabetic drugs) are medications used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels. They are classified based on their mechanism of action.

Classification of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

Insulin Secretagogues

These drugs stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.

• Sulfonylureas
  • First-generation: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide
  • Second-generation: Glipizide, Glyburide (Glibenclamide), Gliclazide, Glimepiride
• Meglitinides (Glinides)
  • Repaglinide
  • Nateglinide

Insulin Sensitizers

These agents enhance insulin action in peripheral tissues.

• Biguanides
  • Metformin (the most commonly used first-line agent)
• Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
  • Pioglitazone
  • Rosiglitazone

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

These medications...

Classification and Therapeutic Uses of NSAIDs

Classification of NSAIDs

NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are classified based on their chemical structure or COX (cyclooxygenase) enzyme selectivity.

I. Classification by COX Selectivity

1. Non-selective COX Inhibitors

These inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes:

• Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen
• Indomethacin
• Ketorolac
• Diclofenac
• Piroxicam

2. Preferential COX-2 Inhibitors

These selectively inhibit COX-2 more than COX-1, but not exclusively:

• Meloxicam
• Nabumetone
• Etodolac

3. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors (Coxibs)

These minimally affect COX-1, resulting in lower GI side effects:

• Celecoxib
• Etoricoxib
• Parecoxib
• Valdecoxib (withdrawn in some countries due to cardiovascular risk)
• Rofecoxib (withdrawn

Achieving Holistic Well-being

Well-being is not just the absence of illness, but the presence of balance in our physical, emotional, and mental health. It means feeling good about ourselves, managing stress, and having the energy to enjoy life and do what we love. Making well-being a daily priority is essential.

Prioritizing Physical Health

To maintain my physical health, I focus on eating balanced meals, drinking enough water, and getting at least 7 hours of sleep every night. While I am not a fan of the gym, I stay active by dancing or taking short breaks between study sessions. I have also learned the importance of listening to my body and resting when I feel exhausted or run down.

Nurturing Mental Well-being

For my mental well-being, I reduce...

Basic Actions in Forestry

• To fell a tree is to cut down a standing tree.
• To limb a tree is to cut branches from a tree that has already been cut or to remove branches that have fallen naturally.
• To lop a tree is to cut the top of it so that it reaches a maximum specified height above ground after the tree is felled.
• To top a tree is to cut its branches to stubs or lateral branches that are not large enough to sustain themselves. (See this video for more information. Also, for further information, visit this site on Tree Topping vs. Crown Reduction).
• A wedge cut is a section cut from a tree according to the directional pressure of the bind, making it easier for the wood to be sawn.
• A crosscut saw is a saw designed to cut at a right angle, across the

Cultural Considerations in Drug Therapy

• Ethnopharmacology studies how genetic and cultural factors influence drug metabolism and responses.
• Cultural beliefs can affect medication adherence and acceptance of alternative therapies.
• Language barriers may hinder effective communication about medications; strategies include using interpreters and clear labeling.

Age-Specific Medication Considerations

• Pediatric patients may require dosing adjustments due to immature organ function and higher risk of toxicity.
• Geriatric patients often experience polypharmacy, necessitating careful monitoring for drug interactions and side effects.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations include avoiding teratogenic drugs and understanding drug transfer into breast milk.

Modal Verbs Exercises

Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs.

1. It's forbidden to drive without fastening your seatbelt. You mustn't drive without fastening your seatbelt.
2. Perhaps they told John about the party. They might have told John about the party.
3. It isn't necessary for us to book a table. We needn't book a table.
4. It isn't necessary for her to phone me back. She needn't phone me back.
5. It was a mistake to sell the house. I wish I hadn't. I shouldn't have sold the house.
6. I'm sure he didn't lock the door. He couldn't have locked the door.
7. Perhaps John knew about the trip. He could have known about the trip.
8. You cannot smoke in the underground. You mustn't smoke in the underground.
9. I'm sure Ann didn't send that letter. Ann couldn't have

Navigating Cultures

Concepts: Appropriate, Awkward, Culture Gap, Fit In, Foreign, Language Barrier, Manners, Misconception, Narrow-minded, Open-minded, Outlook, Roots, Rude, Sensitive, Straightforward, Subtle, Tend To

Text: Anxiety, Attempt To, Heritage, Long For, Lose Touch With, Overwhelming, Resentful, Stay Behind, Trembling, Untouched

Phrasal Verbs

• Call On
• Carry Out
• Dress Up
• Make Of
• Show Off
• Stand Up For
• Stick To

Collocations

• Catch a Cold
• Catch by Surprise
• Catch Sight Of
• Catch Someone Red-Handed
• Catch Someone’s Eye
• Fall Asleep
• Fall Ill
• Fall in Love
• Fall into Place
• Fall Out of Favor
• Lose Count
• Lose One’s Nerve

Safety First

Concepts: Burn, Burn Down, Catch Fire, Choking, Collide, Concerned, Crash, Distract, Drown, Ensure, Faulty, Knock Over, Lifeguard, Safety...

Understanding Nature vs. Nurture

Key Definitions

• Nature: What you are when you're born (often associated with genetics).
• Nurture: What you get from life (often associated with environment and experience).

Grammar Practice: Modals and Functions

Expressing Uncertainty and Hesitation

Sentence: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Exercise: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Modal Verbs: Necessity

Sentence: You need to reach your goal.

Exercise: You need to reach your goal. (necessity)

Modal Verbs: Possibility

Sentence: You could be a doctor.

Exercise: You could be a doctor. (possibility)

Modal Verbs: Probability

Sentence: You might have a stable life with wife and children.

Exercise: You might have a stable life with wife and children. (probability)...

• Dairy

  Relating to milk or to foods made using milk.

• Deep-fried

  (Of food) fried in oil that covers it.

• Garlic

  A vegetable like a small onion with a very strong taste and smell.

• Gaze

  To look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about something else. (Synonym: stare)

• Grow Out Of

  To stop doing something as you get older.

• Linger

  To continue for longer than expected.

• Moose

  A large North American deer. (Spanish: alce)

• Maggots

  A creature like a very small worm that is found in decaying meat and other foods and later develops into a fly. (Synonym: larva)

• Mixed Up

  Confused; to think one thing is another thing.

• Missing Out

  Not getting a benefit that someone else gets.

• Mash Up

  (Talking about music) a mixture