Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for University

International Public Relations

Good PR

• Is a multitasker
• Acts as a salesperson
• Is diplomatic
• Never says no or yes definitively

Good Diplomacy

• Requires knowledge of languages
• Involves active listening
• Is characterized by professionalism and reactivity
• Respects cultural protocols

Three System Values

• Western
• Eastern
• Muslim

Different Kinetics and Paralinguistics

• Kinetics: Study of movement (non-verbal communication)
• Paralinguistics: Study of sounds (tones, volume, intensity)

PR in Markets

• Laswell's Model: Who/What/How/Whom/Which Effect

Empathy vs. Sympathy

• Empathy: Understanding and feeling another's feelings
• Sympathy: Having compassion but not necessarily feeling it, can be related to cause and point of view

Attitude vs. Aptitude

• Attitude: Skills that can be taught, not

Synchronization and Asynchronization in Audiovisual Media

The simultaneous presence of images and sounds can produce asynchronization, a poor combination. This involves contradictory relationships between expressive systems. Therefore, we seek an asynchronous or synchronous reinforcement and expressive interaction.

Audiovisual Editing

Editing integrates and provides coherence and unity to the various expressive components: visual, aural, and written, both simultaneously and in succession. It is what constructs the definitive account of the facts and produces the meaning, the semantic value.

Theory of Double Articulation

This refers to the linkages between images and words. Two quite opposite models of developing television information have emerged:...

General Characteristics of the Baroque Era

The Baroque era was characterized by artistic splendor, contrasting sharply with economic, political, and moral decline. The loss of political power imprinted a pessimistic character on all ideological trends. However, an opposing reaction also emerged, centered on a popular interest in an easier life, entertainment, and fiction, which, unlike harsh reality, offered a world of beauty too distant from daily misery.

Two contrasting orientations emerged: first, a refined idealization, and second, a more aggressive mockery. The societal conflicts of the era and humanity's inner struggle between spirituality and sensuality produced the finest creations across all arts. The intense competition and the difficulties...

The Coming of International Relations

The First Great Debate

The emergence of international relations as a distinct field of study is intertwined with the rise of social sciences like economics, sociology, and political science. A group of scholars, often referred to as liberals, idealists, Wilsonians, or utopians, played a pivotal role in shaping early IR thought. They championed the establishment of international institutions, the expansion of international trade, and the practice of open diplomacy guided by experts. This belief in the power of international cooperation and institutions stemmed from their conviction that war was primarily a consequence of flawed thinking by politicians and diplomats.

These early IR thinkers argued that secrecy...

This article explains the canons of characteristics in the idea plane with practical examples.

In S.R. Ranganathan’s theory of library classification, the canons of characteristics in the idea plane are the fundamental principles that dictate which characteristics of subjects should be used to define classes, and how those characteristics should function to ensure a classification system is logical, stable, and useful [1][2][3].

What is the Idea Plane?

The idea plane is the conceptual level where we analyze subjects and their relationships before choosing terms (verbal plane) or symbols (notation plane) to represent them. In this phase, we:

• Analyze the universe of knowledge.
• Identify characteristics that can divide subjects into classes.
• Determine

Audiovisual Synchrony, Asynchrony, and Antisynchrony

The Simultaneous and Sequential Expression: Diachrony-Synchrony

This section explores the interplay of synchronicity and diachrony, or the dual-axis operation of simultaneous and successive relations, through the process of assembly. Everything revolves around the combination of space and time.

Simultaneous Plurispatial Scope in Television

Television has the ability to reflect multiple spaces simultaneously. In the subsequent presentation of narrative spaces, live TV links remote sites located in different places, creating a new space that does not exist in reality.

Scope refers to the place where partners and presented realities converge. When a connection is made with correspondents in different...

Plot: Arranging Story Events

Plot refers to an author’s arrangement of the events that make up a story. Plot does not follow a chronological order; for example, authors may start in the middle and use flashbacks or dialogue to refer to previous events. The author must choose when the story begins, which aspects can be summarized, and when it should end. Time is subjective. The author's aim in writing a story will direct the choices he makes, and therefore analyzing these aspects of plot gives us invaluable insight into the meaning of his work.

Conflict: The Driving Force

Conflict is the driving force behind many plots. It may come from:

• External Conflict

  The main character may be in conflict with external forces like family, society, physical

Postmodernism in Literature

Defining Postmodernism

Postmodernism is widely discussed in contemporary culture. Umberto Eco suggests that it represents an acceptance of the new and striking elements of modern society. Postmodernism is intricately linked to modernism, as outlined below:

• It can be seen as a continuation or expansion of modernist techniques.
• It also represents a break from modernism, rejecting the elitism often associated with it.
• Postmodern elements can be identified in earlier texts, suggesting that postmodernism offers a new way of rereading history and literature.

Brian McHale, in his book Postmodernist Fiction (1987, page 5), states: "postmodernism follows from modernism, in some sense, more than it follows after modernism."

Key Features