Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for University

Media Records Centers

This involves creating a computer database on chips containing every news item, which may be full or summarized. The choice of this system necessitates creating an appropriate documentary language for information recovery. Each record must be indexed by extracting descriptors: onomastic, thematic, geographic, and chronological.

Information Recovery Language

A program allowing free speech recovery (n, cn) would not require a thesaurus. Each story could be analyzed using the IPTC subject codes of the International Press Telecommunications Council.

Database Launch and Content Management

The launch of the first database for indexing information materials presupposes the news itself. In a database of summaries, hundreds of thousands...

Calderón de la Barca (1600–1681)

After a military career, Calderón de la Barca eventually became a priest in Toledo, entering a monastery where he created most of his major works.

The Calderón Cycle Versus the Lope Cycle

Calderón's stage plays succeeded the Lope cycle. His temperament is notably more psychological and reflective of his epoch compared to Lope's work. Calderón's theater is highly systematic, contrasting with Lope's more spontaneous style. His writing is thoughtful and deep, whereas Lope is distinguished by his freshness and agility. Calderón also emphasizes strong, structured arguments.

Epochs of Calderón's Work

First Stage: Stage Drama

These early works are "comedies" very similar in characteristics to those of Lope. They...

Chapter 2: Business & Operations Strategy

Question 18

Structural elements of a business include:

Correct Answer: D) computer systems.

Question 19

________ is an example of an infrastructural element.

Correct Answer: B) An organizational structure

Question 20

The firm's targeted customers, time frames, and performance objectives are identified by their:

Correct Answer: C) business strategy.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about functional strategy is BEST?

Correct Answer: C) Many functional-level strategies could readily be described as cross-functional.

Question 22

No one could turn around a failing restaurant as expertly as Gordon, whose experience and cadre of trained professionals was available at a moment's notice should his services

What Is Occupational Variety?

The term occupational variety refers to the distinctive language associated with a particular way of earning a living.

Key Characteristics

• Distinction: It differs from regional or class dialects, which tend to remain stable once established.
• Temporary Use: This language is often situational; it is taken up when beginning work and set aside when the workday ends.
• Identity: Any domain can illustrate occupational linguistic distinctiveness. For example, factory workers master technical terms, safety regulations, and administrative vocabulary to establish a professional identity.
• Jargon and Slang: Workers develop specialized slang to distinguish themselves from outsiders.
• Complexity: The more specialized or senior the position,

Journalistic Discourse Utility

To demonstrate the usefulness of journalistic discourse according to its treatment.

Informative Genre Characteristics

The informative genre is primarily a discourse that may have an expository or descriptive character.

Interpretive Genre Objectives

Explaining events from their causes or origin, to predict possible consequences (features, stories, special reports).

The Role of Opinion in Journalism

Opinion involves a logical process of rationalizing events.

Defining Interpretation in News

Interpretation provides the key to why events occurred (causes). It involves not only describing how things happened but also analyzing and contextualizing them. It explains to the public what the information means.

Journalistic Assessment

Role Theory: Social Roles and Expectations

In society, we all play a role, much like actors in a theater. Individuals perform various roles, not just fixed ones (e.g., teacher, parent), as the context changes. Everyone understands the role they are playing at any given time. Role theory posits that we are all actors, each with a role that we interpret in every moment. Within these roles, there are norms. We all have expectations of how others should perform their roles, anticipating a certain kind of social behavior. For society to function, the roles performed must align with these expectations. When this alignment fails, conflict arises, leading to imbalance.

The Reserve Role: Unbelieved Performance

The concept of the reserve role alludes to...

Linguistic Functions

Jakobson's Model

• Poetic: Focuses on the aesthetic qualities of the message itself.
• Emotive: Expresses the sender's emotions (e.g., Greetings!).
• Conative: Aims to elicit a response from the receiver (e.g., regulations, laws).
• Metalinguistic: Refers to the code of language itself (e.g., definitions).
• Phatic: Establishes or maintains the communication channel (e.g., Hello!).
• Referential: Conveys factual information.

Grammar Essentials

Parts of Speech

Nouns

Represent things, places, or animals.

Adjectives

Modify nouns (e.g., some hens, two telephones).

Pronouns

Replace nouns (e.g., I, you, us).

Verbs

Indicate the subject's action.

Adverbs

Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating place (here, there), time (before, now), manner (quickly)...

The Renaissance: Birth of the Modern World

The late 15th and early 16th centuries witnessed the birth of the modern world. This transformation resulted from various events, primarily geographical, such as the discovery of America, and ideological phenomena. These included overcoming the medieval worldview, which centered on religion, and the emergence of a new mentality.

The term "Renaissance" began to be used in the 19th century by J. Michelet and Burkhardt, who, in 1860, published The Culture of the Renaissance in Italy. The word "Renaissance" has a controversial significance concerning the Middle Ages. Its main feature is secularization: while medieval man was concerned with religion, Renaissance man became emancipated and the center of thought....

Minor Victorian Novelists

Elizabeth Gaskell

Elizabeth Gaskell addresses the social conditions of Northern and Southern England in her novel, North and South.

Benjamin Disraeli

A prominent politician and author, Disraeli's most significant work is Sybil, or The Two Nations. His writing focuses on the social conditions of England, particularly within the communities of London.

The Brontë Sisters

• Charlotte Brontë: Her most important novel, Jane Eyre, explores themes of female independence.
• Emily Brontë: Renowned for Wuthering Heights, she focuses on the psychological evolution of characters and the impact of their environment.
• Anne Brontë: She depicted characters shaped by their surroundings and women seeking independence. Her experiences inspired