Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Primary education

Realism in International Relations

Realism is one of the dominant schools of thought in international relations theory, theoretically formalizing the Realpolitik statesmanship of early modern Europe. Although a highly diverse body of thought, it is unified by the belief that world politics is always and necessarily a field of conflict among actors pursuing power. The theories of realism are contrasted by the cooperative ideals of liberalism.

Realists can be divided into three classes based on their view of the essential causes of interstate conflict:

• Classical realists believe it follows from human nature;
• Neorealists attribute it to the dynamics of the anarchic state system;
• Neoclassical realists believe it results from both, in combination with

Student’s Book Vocabulary

Page 29: Musical Idioms

• Face the music: Accept criticism or punishment for something you did.
• Blow your own trumpet: Talk about your achievements.

Page 30: Key Terms

• Struggle (line 10): Fight.
• Midst (line 11): Middle.
• Conductor (line 16): Person who leads the musicians in an orchestra.
• Fulfil (line 18): Achieve or get (a dream).
• Manage (line 21): Succeed in doing something.
• Procure (line 22): Obtain.
• Give up (line 27): Abandon or leave.
• Point out: Draw somebody’s attention to show or indicate something.
• Make a point: Consider something as indispensable.
• There’s no point: There is no reason for something.
• Get the point: Understand the intention.
• What’s the point?: Asking for the use or purpose of something.

Page 31: Vocabulary

Introduction

This document outlines the steps for configuring a Samba standalone server, including global settings, share definitions, user and group management, and testing the connection. The examples provided use EXAMPLE as a placeholder for a generic share or user name, and EXAMPLECARP for a specific test share name.

Samba Configuration

The following configuration should be added to your smb.conf file, typically located at /etc/samba/smb.conf.

Global Settings

[GLOBAL]
workgroup = RUMBA
netbios name = RUMBERO
security = user
server role = standalone server
hosts deny = 10.0
invalid users = pere, joan, @salseros

These settings define the server's role, security model, and network access restrictions. The hosts deny = 10.0 entry denies access from...

Major Realist Theories in International Relations

Classical Realism

• Key Thinkers: Thucydides, Machiavelli, Morgenthau, E.H. Carr.
• Objectivity: Weak.
• Core Concepts: Anarchy, proto-scientific knowledge. IR viewed as a zero-sum game focused on power distribution.
• Dynamics: Security dilemma and relative rather than absolute gain. States are seen as arrogant and benign.
• Focus: National Interest and power distribution.
• Intervening Variables: Ethics, values, and domestic politics.
• Theory Type: Explanatory, predictive (limited normative).
• Outcomes/Interests: Hegemony, balance of power, bandwagoning. Survival, security, power. Mixed outcomes likely for war; history tends to repeat itself.
• Examples: Peloponnesian War, Peace of Westphalia, Concert of Europe.

Structural

Marketing & Sales Terminology

Brand Awareness

Que la gente conozca la marca

Brochure

Folleto

Direct Mail

Mensaje directo

Give a Discount

Ofrecer un descuento

Hit

Visita

Hype (Verb)

Publicidad fuerte

Leaflet

Panfleto

Marketing Advantage

Ventaja de marketing

Marketing Solution

Solución de marketing

Point of Sales Display

Material de puntos de venta

Point-of-Sale

Punto de venta

Sponsorship

Patrocinio

Target Audience

Público objetivo

To Carry Out Market Research

Llevar a cabo estudios de mercado

Trade Event

Evento comercial

Trade Fair

Feria comercial

Viral Marketing

Comercialización viral

Business Operations & Strategy

Achieve an Ambition

[Definición pendiente]

An Entrepreneur

Empresario

Buy into a Franchise

Adquirir una franquicia

Capitalize on (Verb)

Aprovechar

Close Down (

Aestheticism

The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891)

Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), English

This fragment, written by Oscar Wilde, belongs to the first lines of The Picture of Dorian Gray, and it describes the room where Dorian Gray's painting stands on an easel. The famous artist Basil Hallward, author of the painting, is showing it to his friend Lord Henry Wotton, a well-known wit and hedonist, who admires the beauty of Dorian and wants to meet him. He also wants Basil to exhibit the painting at the Grosvenor, which Basil refuses to do, as by doing so, Basil believes, he will show the world his inner soul.

The Preface and the Aesthetic Movement

Oscar Wilde's preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray consists of a list of aphorisms that deal directly with art,...

The Naturalists' View on Meaning

Ancient Greek philosophers who advocated this position viewed naming as a natural relationship between the signs and what these signs signified. They thought that the form of words was thus related to their meaning. This relationship was said to emanate from rigidly fixed inviolable principles on which man had no control.

The existence of a number of onomatopoeic words in natural languages, that is, words whose phonetic form is an imitation of the original sound they refer to such as cuckoo, splash, crush, and hoot in English, backed up the view held by the naturalist school.

The Conventionalists' View on Meaning

Greek philosophers who argued for the conventionalist explanation viewed the relationship of naming...

Supporting Materials in Speeches

The three types of supporting materials are examples, testimonies, and statistics and facts.

Examples

Examples you can use to illustrate your points include:

• Brief examples: Offer a single point of view about the topic.
• Extended examples: Provide multifaceted illustrations of the idea presented.
• Hypothetical examples: Describe what you believe the outcome might be.

Testimonies

Testimonies can add credibility to your speech. There are two main types:

• Expert testimony: Comes from a person with specialized knowledge about your topic.
• Lay testimony: Can be from an eyewitness with firsthand information.

Statistics and Facts

Adding facts and statistics to your speech can strengthen your arguments. Facts are documented information,...

Characteristics of Postmodernism and Related Authors

Defining Postmodernism: Timeframe and Distinction from Modernism

Postmodernism is a literary movement originating in the post-1950s, a time marked by the Cold War and excessive consumption. The period is generally considered to begin in the early 1960s and extend into the 1990s.

It differs significantly from Modernism by blurring the conventional boundary between “high” and “low” culture, employing a completely loosened structure in both time and space, and favoring multiple openings rather than a closed structure. It rejects conformity to popular taste and combines heterogeneous elements, catering to a more sophisticated readership.

Core Philosophical Tenets and Relativism

The movement...