Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Other courses

Post-War Art Shift: Paris to New York

After World War II, and with artists like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning at the forefront, the center of global art culture shifted from Paris to New York. The United States and its museums were slated to become world leaders in innovative emerging trends. From 1935 to 1942, Jackson Pollock worked for the Federal Art Project. In 1943, he held his first exhibition at the Peggy Guggenheim gallery, which provided the means for him to dedicate himself exclusively to painting. From 1942 until 1947, he stopped including colors in his canvases, limiting himself to working with black and white. Years later, he reintroduced color.

The Rise of Abstract Expressionism

Abstract Expressionism emerged in the U.S.,...

The Vicarage of Mariano Fortuny

Chronology

The second half of the nineteenth century was marked by the exile of Queen Isabella II in France and the revolutionary administration. With no immediate successor to the Crown, Amadeus of Savoy from Italy reigned for two years. This period was characterized by significant change:

• The unified monetary and tax system vanished.
• The population grew, engaging in agriculture and industry.
• Revolutionary boards were created in Catalonia.

The Artist: Mariano Fortuny

Mariano Fortuny is the most important Catalan artist of the nineteenth century and the only one to achieve international recognition. Trained at the School of Fine Arts during the height of Romanticism, he later moved to Rome, where he was influenced by...

Authorship and Dating

There are three editions of Lazarillo de Tormes dating back to 1554. The authorship remains anonymous, though literary criticism often links the work to the social group of Erasmus due to its sharp social satire and critique of the Church.

Narrative Structure

The work is written as an autobiography in which the protagonist recounts his life from childhood to adulthood through a retrospective lens. It takes the form of a letter addressed to "Your Worship," responding to rumors regarding the relationship between Lázaro's wife and the Archpriest of San Salvador. Lázaro writes to defend his wife's morality while explaining his difficult past, illustrating that after his struggles, he has finally achieved social stability.

The

Cinemas: Gestures and Postures

Studying the gestures, manners, and postures. The movements of the face and body provide data about the personality and emotional state of individuals. The posture conveys the attitude in interaction with others.

Variety Diatopic

Variations occurring throughout the area over which a given language is spoken are reflected in history and dialects.

Professional Jargon

Members of some groups use a type of variation, difficult to understand for people outside their group, known as professional jargon: the medical, juridical, student areas, etc.

Lexeme

The minimum unit that lacks lexical morphemes, such as light, or it had dispensed with them, as bland to soften. It has a definable semantic meaning and dictionary entry, and...

Essential English Vocabulary

• Arranged marriage: Matrimonio concertado
• Be in tears / Be close to tears / Burst into tears: Estar llorando / A punto de llorar / Romper a llorar
• Bare: Vacío
• Beat: Latir
• Bland: Soso
• Boom: En auge
• Cattle: Ganado
• Council: Ayuntamiento
• Cheer: Aplaudir / Vitorear
• Cope: Afrontar
• Costume: Vestuario
• Crop: Cultivo / Cosecha
• Deserted: Vacío
• Deserve: Merecer
• Filling: Saciante
• Fool: Engañar, tomar el pelo
• Grate: Rallar
• Halfway (through/up/down): A la mitad de
• Harvest: Cultivar
• Head (for/towards): Dirigirse a/hacia
• Host: Anfitrión
• Inherit: Heredar
• Juicy: Jugoso
• Lighting: Iluminación
• Moving: Conmovedor
• Outstanding: Excepcional
• Out of place: Fuera de lugar
• Overdressed: Demasiado elegante
• Overrated: Sobrevalorado
• Posh: Elegante / De moda
• Raise: Criar animales
• Regret

Representatives of the Renaissance

• Raphael
• Leonardo da Vinci
• San Francis (Painting)
• Michelangelo Buonarroti (Sculpture)
• Giotto (Painting)

Representatives of Mannerism

• Tiziano
• Tintoretto
• Veronese
• El Greco

Representatives of the Baroque

• Peter Puget
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Sculpture)
• Carlo Maderno
• Guarini (Sculpture)
• Bernini (Sculpture)
• Velázquez

Representatives of the Rococo

• Piazzetta (Painting)
• Guardi (Painting)
• Marco Ricci

Representatives of Neoclassicism

• Jean-Antoine Houdon (Sculpture)
• Charles Percier (Architecture)
• Pierre Fontaine (Architecture)
• Jacques-Louis David (Painting)

Representatives of Realism

• Rodin (Sculpture)
• Honoré Daumier
• Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot

Art in America: Pre-Columbian Periods

Toward the fifteenth century, diverse cultures flourished in America.

The

Historical Context and Chronology

Chronology: 1907.

The year 1907 was characterized by the political crises of the Restoration. Until 1907, the government was liberal. This year saw the ultimate Carlism and the first crisis of the Pact of El Pardo. During this period, the population of Spain increased by almost one-third, with people migrating to areas with developing industry.

The Artist: Josep Llimona

Joan Llimona had a brother, Josep, who was a painter and sculptor. They founded the Artistic Circle of Saint Luke, which was guided by a Christian ideology. The artists belonging to this association were contemporary with Modernisme, but they did not share its advanced ideas; instead, they held a Christian ideology with a strong moralizing tone....

Catalan Modernism and Cultural Transformation

The objective of Modernism (Modernisme) is to transform the Catalan regional and national culture, which was considered outdated (enderrerida), to meet modern demands through two primary actions: a radical break with official Spanish culture and the Catalan Renaixença, and an opening to Europe to incorporate ideas that identify Catalan culture with European modernity. It reacts against materialism and recovers individualistic traditions, valuing the spiritual.

The Traits of the Modernist Artist

• Modernity: The transformation of Catalan culture, which was seen as too conservative and outdated.
• Individualism and Messianism: The artist feels like a bearer of values superior to the rest of society, possessing

The 15th Century in Italy

The Italian Renaissance was a cultural movement defined by rational humanism, where the human being became the center of the universe. Architecture shifted toward human proportions, favoring horizontal lines over vertical ones and utilizing the round arch. The humanist, a man of culture venerated in court for his knowledge, became the key figure of the era.

Architecture

The 15th century saw the completion of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Filippo Brunelleschi engineered its massive dome, further enhanced by an octagonal drum. He also established the model for the Renaissance palace, exemplified by the Palazzo Pitti.

Sculpture

Donatello stands as the most significant sculptor of the 15th century. His work is defined...

The Novecentismo Novel: Gabriel Miró and Ramón Pérez de Ayala

The novelists of the Generation of '14 can be split into two lines: those continuing narrative modes of earlier stages, such as Concha Espina and Ricardo León, and those seeking renewal, such as Miró and Pérez de Ayala. Other authors are Fernández Flórez, a master of the comic novel, and Benjamín Jarnés, who reduces the action to a minimum. These authors have in common the overcoming of narrative and stylistic patterns of Realism, though they follow different paths: one through lyricism; another through irony and humor; in other cases, through the intellectualism of the approach; and sometimes by means of dehumanization, which meant the "lack of interest in human vicissitude"...