Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Baccalaureate

Scientific & Technical Texts

The scientific and technical texts: seek to understand aspects of reality (nature, society, etc.) based on observation and experimentation. They rely on the techniques, resources and procedures that serve science in its application. Scientific texts transmit verified and proven knowledge; technical texts present the practical applications of science.

Purpose of Scientific Texts

The purpose of scientific texts is not simply to inform or persuade; science also aims to change knowledge or the previous view of reality. Technical texts are informative but may also have a managerial or instructional nature when they explain how to apply a particular technique.

Features — Exposition of Knowledge

Characteristic features...

Scientific Texts: Language and Characteristics

Scientific texts, including scientific writings and technical documents, aim to convey information about research, conclusions, or discoveries. They are characterized by two essential features:

• Universality: Science seeks to disseminate knowledge valid at all times and places. A discovery made in one location should apply everywhere. This necessitates the unification of scientific terminology and the creation of formal codes, avoiding ambiguities and ensuring objectivity.
• Objectivity: Facts and details are presented along with the circumstances in which they occur, without the author's personal assessment.

Grammatical Features

• Impersonal constructions
• Passive voice with auxiliary verbs
• Plural of modesty
• Noun

Romanesque Architecture

Romanesque art emerged during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a period defined by invasions, absolute monarchies, self-sufficient economies, and a stratified society. Consequently, architecture focused on defensive fortresses and monastic shelters.

Its origin is French, spreading to Western Christian kingdoms through two primary channels: pilgrimage routes to the Holy Sepulcher (such as the Camino de Santiago in Spain) and the influence of Cluniac monks from the Benedictine Order in Burgundy, France.

This style is essentially religious, serving the Church and reflecting the spirituality and monastic development of the era. Architecture serves as the foundation of Romanesque art, with sculpture and painting acting as...

Baroque Architecture: Breaking Renaissance Rationalism

Baroque art replaced the balanced and rational work of the Renaissance. The material foundation remains stone, but it utilizes an endless repertoire of curves, ellipses, parabolas, twisted columns, and curved pediments to create dramatic lighting effects. Architects continued to use the basilica plan, but incorporated elliptical, circular, and mixed layouts. Sculpture and painting are integrated into architecture to create a unified whole. Arches and vaults relate to urban space, and the dome remains a central feature, designed so that figures seem to ascend to infinity. Facades became more dynamic, built with specific consideration for the angles from which they would be viewed.

Spanish

Narrative Texts: Events in Time and Space

These texts recount events within a specific time and space.

Elements of Narrative

• Narrator: First-person (hero or witness) or third-person (omniscient narrator).
• Narration: The structure can be linear (presentation, middle, end), circular, in media res (starts without introduction), or parallel (presents multiple stories simultaneously).
• Characters: Marked by physical, psychological, and social features.
• Space and Time: Can be internal or external, real or fictional. Two types of time are distinguished:
  • Historical or External: Refers to the time or era in which the action unfolds.
  • Narrative or Internal: Refers to the duration of the story.

Language in Narrative

• Lexical Features: Prevalence of verbs, including

Content Generation and Analysis in Journalism

Generating Reports

News: Journalistic Information Base

• Definition: A novel topical event that has great interest to a large number of readers.
• Three Basic Characteristics: Presentation, Novelty, Generality.
• Elements to Address (The 6 Ws): What, When, Who, Where, Why, How.
• Structure:
  • Titling Zone (Antetitle and Title)
  • Input (Lead: containing the 6 Ws)
  • Development of the Story (Body)
• Three Principles: Brevity, Objectivity, and Clarity.

Report

A report is an expansion of the story; it does not necessarily need to cover present events.

• Differences with News:
  • Greater extension.
  • More freedom of expression.
  • Includes the journalist's opinion.
• Structure:
  • Title
  • Lead or Entry
  • Body (This leads to three types of reports):
    1. Event

The Open Novel: Narrative Techniques and Features

The open novel has a flexible structure that can accommodate all kinds of narrative techniques. With its complex composition and calculated ambiguity, it presents a fragmentary and unfinished structure that requires the reader's collaboration and interpretation. It breaks the chronological arrangement of the story and has a complex, even chaotic, structure. Narrative times are mixed with flashbacks, anticipations of the future, and alternate histories. The omniscient narrator is replaced by a plurality of approaches, with the story being told from the viewpoint of two or more narrators.

It mixes pure storytelling, dialogue, and free indirect dialogue in which the narrator assumes the viewpoint...

Baroque architecture is characterized by:

• Architectures loaded with details and complex designs. It embraces classical forms (columns, arches, pediments, friezes) but in a fanciful manner. Sometimes, the building resembles a grand sculpture. The entablatures curve, and the elements adopt curved and spiral pediments.
• The adoption of elliptical, oval, and other shapes (such as those favored by Borromini). Walls are concave and convex, creating a rolling effect. Straight lines and flat surfaces are largely abandoned.
• A new type of plan that incorporates oblique planes to give an illusion of movement (dynamic spaces) in what is otherwise a static art form. It often represents or suggests the infinite (a path that disappears, a sky, a set of mirrors

Masterpieces of Modern Art: Technique and Theme

Analysis of Impression, Sunrise (Monet)

Artist: Claude Monet

Technique: Oil on canvas, 48 x 63 cm.

Compositional Elements

• Line: The figures are very schematic. In the background, ships are hinted at with their masts and the chimneys of smoking factories. Everything is softened, yet the fog does not prevent the distinction of the sun.
• Volume: The technique endures a form of sfumato, although the overall composition is blurred.
• Perspective: The perspective is linear. In the background, small boats and factories are observed. Approaching the viewer, three rowing boats are clearly appreciated.

Color and Light

• Color: The application of colored paint (heavy shades of blue, violet, gray, red, and orange) appears

Many people agree that Messi, the historic soccer player, is the best player in the world. Throughout his career, he has been an idol for many people because of his incredible plays and amazing goals.

Early Life and Career Beginnings

Messi was born on June 24, 1987, in the city of Rosario, Argentina. Possessing exceptional technical ability and exceptional speed, since he arrived at F.C. Barcelona at the age of 13, he made an accelerated career through the different categories up to the first team, in which he made his debut at just 16 years old.

Impact Under Pep Guardiola

But his real impact came with the arrival of Pep Guardiola on the Barça bench. During the four seasons in which the coach led the team, his goalscoring statistics reached very...