Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Baccalaureate

Muscle tension results from the contraction of muscle fibers. In the muscular system:

• Muscle fiber types: fast or slow, length, and thickness.
• Volume of fibers (muscle hypertrophy).
• Types of muscle contraction: concentric, isometric, and isotonic.

In the nervous system:

• Coordination of different muscles for movement: agonists, antagonists, and fixers.

Other factors:

• Muscle temperature, which can increase with a good warm-up.
• Training, form, or motivation.

Sorting: Force = Mass x Acceleration

Maximum Force:

The capacity to create maximum tension during muscle contraction. It is related to muscle mass or load.

Maximum Acceleration:

Minimal or no load, for example, when a weightlifter lifts weights in competition.

Explosive Strength:

The ability to overcome...

Core Principles of Physical Training

• Principle of Adaptation: The human organism is capable of resisting and habituating to physical exercise through consistent practice.
• Principle of Progression: The human body is capable of bearing progressively greater efforts over time.
• Volume: The total amount of physical exercise performed. Increasing volume progressively allows the body to adapt to physical demands.
• Intensity: The ratio between the current level of work and its maximum possible value (Intensity = Current / Maximum).
• Load: The product of volume and intensity. Increase volume gradually. (Load = Volume x Intensity).
• Principle of Continuity: Physical exercise must be performed frequently enough to maintain the positive effects of overcompensation.

A good example of living in an obesogenic environment is a physician's recommendation not to exercise during recovery from surgery. The total amount of energy in a bowl of soup that contains 5 g of protein, 2 g of fat, and 20 g of carbohydrate is 118 kcal. The fuel for all body processes that traps energy released from food is adenosine triphosphate. If a person hears a friend calling for help and goes running to find out what the friend needs, the person would be getting his or her energy from glycogen via anaerobic glycolysis. If someone goes on a long hike, after 4 hours most of his or her energy will be obtained from fatty acids. Athletes who exercise regularly are able to exercise for longer, partly because their body is able to use more...

The Presence of Sport on Television

Football Dominance in Spanish Media

A lot of sport appears on TV and in the news. In Spain, football is especially dominant, and less time is spent covering other sports. I don't think this imbalance is ideal.

Football is a sport that generates significant revenue, which is why it receives so much television coverage. I don't dislike the fact that many sports appear on TV. However, it would be better if several sports were featured prominently, not just one.

Furthermore, I believe there are many programs, series, and shows that complement or compensate for sports coverage. As far as I am concerned, sport needs to be on TV, just like any other type of program. It seems to me that the current amount of sports on...

Mastering Handball Ball Handling and Passing

Common errors when catching the ball: Touching the ball with the palm of the hand is a grip synonymous with insecurity. You must avoid losing wrist mobility. Press your thumb and forefinger together to prevent the ball from falling to the ground and to maintain control.

Passes: Front, side, pronation, drive, drop-off, and behind-the-back passes.

Front passing errors: You have to guide the hand toward where you want the ball to go. The obligation does not end until the teammate receives the ball and you are in a position to move.

Common Reception Errors

• Guiding without hands: Orientation must always be correct.
• Wrong hand placement: Do not forget to place your thumbs and index fingers in a diamond shape.

Hominization Stages

The evolutionary process leading to modern man is characterized by two main stages:

• The first stage marks purely animal existence.
• The second stage involves the ability to perform prehuman cooperative behavior, leading to the emergence of language.

The first stage was significantly longer than the second. Remains found have led paleoanthropologists to conclude that changes in habitat caused behavioral shifts. The greatest threat on the ground strengthened solidarity among them, forcing them to move and adapt to adverse conditions, favoring an upright posture.

This liberation of the hands allowed them to carry objects, leading to anatomical, physiological, and psychological improvements.

Anatomical Improvements: Bipedalism

Bipedalism

Personal Training System: Basic Concepts

• 1) Planning of training: This is a general term that includes the distribution of training periods, their characteristics, the purpose of each type of training, and the organization of the working sessions.
• 2) Training Periodization: This is the establishment of those periods in which the body is submitted to an active phase with a specific purpose.
• 3) Work periods: These are more concerted levels of activity. It is impossible to keep someone permanently in ideal physical condition. Taking into account that psychophysical recovery time must be established between each phase of organizational adaptation, training should be organized in periods of varying intensity.
• 4) Work Units: These define the training

Core Physical Capacities

• Force: The maximum degree of muscular tension applied in a single muscle contraction.
• Resistance: The ability to delay the onset of fatigue and withstand physical exertion for as long as possible.
• Speed: The body's ability to perform successive movements as quickly as possible.
• Flexibility: The degree of movement within a joint or group of joints.

Training Methodology

Health is more than the absence of disease; it involves healthy living and consistent training habits. Successful training depends on two related concepts:

• Volume: The quantitative aspect (number of repetitions, time, distance).
• Intensity: The qualitative aspect (speed, effort).

The training load is defined by the formula: Load = Intensity / Volume. Without both...

Stretching Techniques

Dynamic Stretching

Dynamic stretching is a training method widely used in gyms, utilizing springs. No plates are used; the objective is to improve physical condition by increasing the range of motion.

Ballistic Stretching

Ballistic stretching uses methods similar to dynamic stretching but involves more exaggerated muscle movement. It also produces the normal myotatic reflex and must be monitored carefully as it carries a higher risk of muscle injury.

Benefits of Dynamic & Ballistic Stretching

• More motivating and less boring than static stretching.
• Develops dynamic flexibility.

Disadvantages of Dynamic & Ballistic Stretching

• Tissue adaptation is momentary.
• Increases the risk of injuries.
• Triggers the stretch reflex.

Passive

Fisika Training Principles

The ability to perform daily tasks and to carry out physical activity efficiently depends on a solid base of physical conditioning, which minimizes energy cost and wear on the body.

Capacity Building

Building capacity for physical tasks requires a preparation process that improves basic physical qualities and adapts the body to the specific demands of each activity. These adaptations allow the body to maintain balance before the demands placed on it.

Training Principles

• Continuity: training must be carried out in a continuous and consistent manner to maintain a correct balance between activity and rest.
• Multilaterality: training should include all aspects needed to prepare the athlete for the work they will perform.
• Specificity: