Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for Baccalaureate

Classification of Sports by Interaction

Unopposed Individual Sports

The athlete participates alone without the help of others and does not face an opponent directly. The goal is to perform as well as possible to outperform other athletes. Examples: Athletics, skiing, mountaineering.

Individual Sports with Opposition

The athlete participates alone but confronts an opponent directly. Examples: Wrestling, tennis, badminton, fencing.

Unopposed Cooperation Sports

Sports in which a group of players pursues a common goal through cooperation without direct confrontation. Examples: Synchronized swimming, team rowing, roped climbing teams.

Cooperation with Opposition

Sports in which a team of players cooperates to achieve a common goal while facing another team...

Understanding Physical Fitness

Physical fitness is the set of qualities and physical abilities. It is the starting point of any movement.

Key Physical Skills

• Speed: The ability to make one or more movements in the shortest time possible.
• Strength: The ability to overcome an external resistance or face it with a muscle strain.
• Endurance: The ability to support an effort as long as possible.
• Flexibility: The capacity by which the movement reaches its maximum size.

Motor Skills

• Balance: The ability to hold any position of the body against gravity.
• Coordination: A muscular excitement orderly and controlled by the nervous system.

Conditioning Factors

Conditioning depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors.

Resistance and Oxygen

Resistance relates to oxygen consumption,...

Understanding Muscle Strength

Strength is the capacity or conditional driving quality characterized by processes of energy transformation. In a physical context, strength is defined as the ability to overcome resistance through muscle contraction, essentially the capacity to perform work.

Types of Force

When achieving displacement or acceleration of a body, we apply force (F = m * a). Based on the relationship between mass and acceleration, we can distinguish three primary types:

• Maximum Force: High mass with minimal acceleration.
• Explosive Force: Small mass with maximum acceleration.
• Strength Resistance: Mass and acceleration reach average levels in their relationship.

Additionally, isometric contraction generates force without mobilizing mass. This...

Essential Human Body Parts: English-Spanish Vocabulary

This reference provides key terminology for the human body, including English terms, their Spanish translations, and brief functional descriptions.

Major External and Internal Body Parts (A-Z)

Ankle (Tobillo)

The joint connecting the leg and the foot.

Brain (Cerebro)

The organ responsible for thought, memory, and controlling the body.

Breast (Mama)

Used for feeding a baby (lactation).

Chest (Pecho)

The upper front part of the body, located below the neck, containing the heart and lungs.

Elbow (Codo)

The joint in the middle of the arm that allows the arm to bend.

Eyebrow (Ceja)

The strip of hair located above the eye.

Eyelash (Pestaña)

Small hairs located along the edge of the eyelid.

Eyelid (Párpado)

The

What Is the Warm-Up?

The warm-up is a group of exercises whose goal is to prepare the body for an activity that is more intense than normal.

The Different Stages of a Warm-Up

There are two main stages of the warm-up: the general part and the activity-specific part. The general part can be used for all sports. The activity-specific part is done after the general part and will vary depending on the sport.

Stage 1: Joint Mobility

The first stage is to move your joints. You have to move each joint in all possible directions. It is best to start from the bottom of your body to the top or vice versa, so as not to forget any joints. This stage is especially important if you have had a previous injury in any joint. If this is the case, you need to focus...

Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Recommended Physical Activity

Minimum recommended physical activity for profit: A minimum of three hours a week, with sessions of at least forty minutes each. Approximately 95% should be light aerobic exercise, with 5% dedicated to medium-intensity exercise and strength building. Include joint flexibility (stretching) and coordination/balance exercises in all sessions.

Benefits of Exercise

Benefits of exercise on the cardiac system: Exercise strengthens muscles and helps reduce surrounding fat.

Benefits in the joint system: More efficient breathing increases oxygenation and reduces stress on respiratory muscles.

Joint benefits: Lowers...

Physical Valences: Definition and Characteristics

Physical valences are a set of aspects that determine the physical condition and individual characteristics, encompassing both innate and acquired abilities.

Classification of Key Physical Valences

• Force

  Force is the body's ability to overcome stress or exert effort against resistance.

• Power

  The ability to execute an action or produce an effect, generally used in situations requiring a sense of strength and rapid execution.

• Speed

  Speed is the ability of the individual to travel a distance or make a movement in the shortest time possible. Speed is defined as an ability based on the action of the nervous system, muscles, and the velocity of movement.

• Flexibility

  Flexibility is the ability of the body to

Aerobics Training Benefits

The club aims to improve the function and structure of internal organs and physical health. This practice is highly beneficial as it enhances all parts of the body, including aerobic endurance, strength, and flexibility. To achieve results, it is recommended to train three times a week for the first three months, after which frequency may increase. Participants should wear lightweight, comfortable, and breathable clothing.

Physical Adaptations

• Increased oxygenation of all cells
• Improved flexibility, strength, and aerobic endurance
• Enhanced heart chamber function
• Increased lung capacity
• Improved ability to relax
• Body streamlining and styling
• Weight loss and fat reduction
• Prevention of heart disease

Mental Adjustments

• Improved

Acrosport Fundamentals and Competition Rules

International Federation and Categories

1. The International Federation of Sports Acrobatics (IFSA) and the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG).
2. Couples: mixed, female, and male. Trios (female). Quartets (male). Mixed groups (of 3 to 6 members).

Performance and Routine Requirements

3. Tapestry 12x12 meters and duration between 2:15 and 2:30 minutes, traditionally held in April.
4. Acrobatics and gymnastics elements include flexibility, jumps, turns, and balance movements, cooperation components among group members, running, and body formations, forming a harmonious whole with choreographic elements.

Techniques and Safety Guidelines

5. Used to compete while pushing training processes, union,...

Adaptations Produced by Exercise

Adaptations, or supercompensations, represent the changes occurring within the systems of the human body.

Physiological Level

Effects of Resistance Training

• Increase in size and capacity of the heart.
• Increased circulation levels.
• Increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin.
• Increase in the amount of myoglobin in muscle.
• Promotes venous return.
• Increase in the number of mitochondria in muscle.

All these factors increase the capacity for oxygen transport and delivery to the muscles, allowing the individual to fatigue less and recover faster.

• Decrease in heart rate (HR) at baseline, resting HR, and HR during effort.
• Increase in inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength.
• Pulmonary alveoli stretch more, increasing the surrounding