Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Objectives of Epidemiology

Objectives of epidemiology. The study of the environment, human habitat, waste, excrement, water supplies, methods of health education programs for health promotion, occupational health, the fight against drug addiction, and planning and management of health services to improve and correct the errors identified. Furthermore, the study presents the epidemiology of disease in relation to: the factors that determine the occurrence of disease; distribution in the population by municipalities, nations, and geographical regions; frequency and time course (mortality, morbidity and consequences of disease). Finally, what epidemiological studies of community health purport to do is: get to a diagnosis of community health, evaluate...

1: Rank these diseases in infectious and non-infectious diseases: measles, myocardial infarction, goiter, cancer, athlete's foot, anemia, candidiasis, AIDS, asthma, and diabetes. (1 POINT)

BOOK STUDY

2: Main microorganisms causing infectious diseases. Each of the tissues that affect it. (1 POINT)

• Bacteria causing diphtheria
• Fungus: causes of athlete's foot
• Protozoa: causes of sleeping sickness
• Viruses causing poliomyelitis

3: Modes of transmission of infectious diseases with examples. (Not tell). (1 POINT)

• For direct contact
• Of inert objects
• In the water we drink
• Through the ingestion of contaminated food
• In the air
• By animal transmitters

4: Different types of internal defenses (1 POINT)

Unspecific defense: They act against any microorganism or foreign particles....

Key Concepts in Workplace Safety

Warning Definition

Warning: Any condition or act that can be expected with reasonable certainty to cause physical harm, injury, illness, or damage to property.

Understanding Risk

Risk: The possibility of losses and the degree of probability of these losses. Exposure to possible physical harm, injury, illness, or property damage is defined as running a risk. It is also considered a type of accident.

Defining Safety

Safety: The term safety has multiple uses. From the Latin securitas, meaning 'quality of being secure,' it refers to being free from danger, harm, or risk.

Occupational Hazard Prevention

Prevention of Occupational Hazards: A discipline that seeks to promote the safety and health of workers by identifying,...

Understanding Occupational Health and Safety

Health is a state of mental, physical, and social balance. The loss of these elements results from occupational accidents, occupational diseases, and other pathologies such as fatigue or job dissatisfaction.

Defining Workplace Injuries

A work-related injury is any disease, condition, or injury caused by reason or occasion of work. An occupational injury refers to any bodily harm suffered during or in consequence of work, including:

• Commuting accidents (while going to or returning from work).
• Non-listed occupational diseases contracted solely due to the execution of work.

Safety and Industrial Hygiene

Safety at work is a technique used to protect workers and reduce accidents. Occupational diseases manifest...

Understanding Pharmaceutical Drugs

Drugs are products used to cure, alleviate, prevent, or diagnose diseases, containing one or more active ingredients. These active ingredients are the core components that interact with the body.

How Drugs Act

Drugs function by binding to specific molecules known as receptors. These molecules are typically proteins, and their biological functions change once the drug binds to them.

Methods of Drug Administration

• Oral
• Sublingual
• Rectal
• Injection
• Intranasal
• Topical and skin

The Pharmaceutical Industry: Patents and Generics

When a company discovers a useful active ingredient, they apply for a patent. This grants them the exclusive right to manufacture and market the drug for 10 to 20 years. Once the patent expires, other...

Phases of the Informal Relationship

The phases of the informal relationship are:

1. Reaction orientation

First, observe the patient's reaction to the situation, both verbal and nonverbal aspects. Then consider how to address the situation.

2. Implementation (Outturn)

This phase consists of implementing the plan that was devised, attempting to guide the patient in seeking solutions.

3. Conclusion

The purpose is to ensure that the objective was achieved, i.e., the patient has received the help they needed.

Item 4: Psychosocial Aspects of Illness

In this module we will focus especially on the psychosocial aspects of illness. There are a number of psychological characteristics, present to varying degrees in patients. Among them are:

• Experiencing anxiety

Parkinson's Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

Research suggests a link between dopamine levels influenced by smoking and a decreased risk of contracting Parkinson's disease, although the exact mechanisms of such relationships remain uncertain. Furthermore, researchers at Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam suggest that there is a growing relationship between the intake of vitamin B6 from diet and supplements and a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease.

Common Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease can vary, but they often include:

• Muscular stiffness and tremors of different intensities.
• Difficulty walking and poor stability.
• Difficulty starting or ending a movement (freezing of gait).
• Lack of facial expression and slowness of

Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors

Cardiovascular diseases are those affecting the heart and blood vessels. Such diseases are the leading cause of death in Western society. Eight million people died of heart problems and six million more due to cerebrovascular diseases, such as strokes or brain hemorrhages.

Cardiovascular disease may have a genetic origin, but the most important causes—known as cardiovascular risk factors—are inadequate diets, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.

Common Cardiovascular Conditions

• Stroke: Occurs when blood flow stops reaching part of the brain, usually because a thrombus obstructs a cerebral artery (stroke or embolism).
• Arteriosclerosis: Is caused by the accumulation of cholesterol and fats in the inner

Sondaje Enteral y Rectal: Tipos y Técnicas

Sondas Enterales

Las sondas enterales se introducen por la nariz hasta el intestino delgado. Son más largas, finas y flexibles que las nasogástricas. Suelen medir de 91 a 300 cm. Entre ellas destacan:

• Sonda de Miller-Abbott: Es una sonda de doble luz o abertura. En el extremo distal tiene varios orificios y un balón, y en el extremo proximal presenta dos aberturas. Suele utilizarse para recolectar muestras, para irrigación y para el drenaje de secreciones.
• Sonda Nutrisoft: Es una sonda de una sola luz provista de un lastre en el extremo distal y varios orificios, con un fiador metálico que facilita la inserción. Es de calibre pequeño, flexible, radiopaca y se utiliza para nutrición enteral.

Sondas

Crohn's Disease

Concept and synonymy: Inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause that most frequently affects the ileum of young adults. It causes diarrhea and has a strong tendency toward fistulization (regional enteritis, terminal ileitis).

Clinical Features

• Acute ileitis, often confused with acute appendicitis, especially in children and adolescents.
• Chronic form: insidious onset with diarrhea, fever, a palpable abdominal mass and fistulas (20%).
• General symptoms: pallor, asthenia, weight loss and polyarthritis.

Treatment

Medical and surgical treatment, often a combination of both.

Acute Pancreatitis

1. Concept: Necrotizing-hemorrhagic inflammation of aseptic nature, caused by autodigestion of the gland by its own enzymes (trypsin), with activation