Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Toxicological Properties and Exposure

The dose of a poison refers to the quantity absorbed by the body, typically measured in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). The resulting damage depends on various factors, including human physiology, the contaminant's inherent toxicity, and the rate at which the body absorbs the contaminant. Given the variability of these factors, we define the concept of exposure, represented by the formula E = f(c, t), where 'c' is concentration and 't' is time.

Types of Poisoning

• Acute Intoxication: This leads to a severe deterioration in the body, becoming apparent within a short period. It requires acute exposure to the toxic substance and rapid absorption by the organism.
• Subacute Intoxication: Less severe than acute intoxication,

Digestion

Digestion is the set of mechanical and chemical processes that transform food into substances the body can absorb. Nutrients, water, and minerals are taken in through food and drink (intake). No other special cells, absorption, or approximation take place. Nutrition is involuntary, and the body must transfer and use the nutrients to supply cells, eliminating the substances that cannot be absorbed.

Digestive Tube

1. Pharynx: Food passes through the pharynx. Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and painful swallowing (odynophagia) may occur here.
2. Esophagus: A muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. Involuntary contractions and peristalsis move the bolus downward. The diaphragm is crossed as the esophagus enters the

Major Health Concerns: Understanding Risks & Prevention

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are serious conditions characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. They can have significant physical and psychological consequences.

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives. These episodes are often accompanied by a deep sense of guilt and a feeling of loss of control.

Effects of Bulimia Nervosa:

• Esophageal rupture
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Anxiety
• Dehydration
• Menstrual disorders or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
• Sudden weight fluctuations (reduction or increase)
• Increased

DRUG ADDICTION PREVENTION UNIT 2
GOALS OF PREVENTION Target end: late age of onset, reduction of this consumption and reducing the problems associated with them. Intermediate Objectives: Changes cause pursued in risk factors or protective, p . Ej.Aumento social skills, increased assertiveness ... Great variety of goals needed a consensus among experts. 1-Abolition of the patterns of drug abuse Elimination of 2-step from experimental to use repeated 3-4-Delay complete abstinence from drugs 5-delayed entry age for the 6-Control on consumption from early childhood 7 -Control of risk factors and social.8 staff. Taking the social role played by alcohol and snuff and regulate their use through learning programs coexistence with it. 9 - Amendment...

Health and Quality of Life

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This concept also includes the idea of well-being or quality of life.

Factors Determining Health

Several factors influence our health:

• Lifestyle: This includes behaviors such as nutrition and physical activity levels.
• Environmental Factors: Social conditions, healthcare access, climate, and environmental pollution play a role.
• Genetics: Hereditary information contained in our genes influences our predisposition to certain conditions.

Healthy Eating Principles

A Balanced Diet

A balanced diet incorporates all the essential elements that constitute our daily nutritional needs.

Understanding Fats

The energy from...

1. Definition of Faradic Current

• Faradic (faradism) current is a short-duration, interrupted direct current, typically 0.1–1 ms pulse width at 50–100 Hz.

• It stimulates innervated motor nerves, causing tetanic-like muscle contractions.

2. Physiological Effects

• Sensory nerve stimulation produces mild prickling and superficial vasodilation (redness).

• Motor nerve activation leads to muscle contraction and, when surged, approximates voluntary tetanic contractions without fatigue.

• Boosts local circulation, metabolism, and venous/lymphatic flow, aiding in waste clearance and tissue nutrition.

3. Indications and Therapeutic Uses

• Facilitation of pain-inhibited muscles

• Muscle re-education, especially after disuse or neurological...

Health and Body Vocabulary

Ankle (tobillo), back, bandage, be sick (estar enfermo), bite (picadura), brain (cerebro), chest (pecho), cold (resfriado), cough (toser), device (dispositivo), dizzy (mareado), elbow (codo), fear (miedo), flu (gripe), food poisoning, headache, heart, itchy (produce picor), knee (rodilla), laugh (reírse), look for (buscar), lung (pulmón), neck (cuello), nerve cell (neurona), ointment (pomada), pill (pastilla), rash (sarpullido), rib (costilla), shoulder, skin (piel), sneeze (estornudar), sore (dolorido), spine (columna vertebral), sprained (tobillo torcido), sting (picadura), stomach, swollen (inflamado), temperature, throat (garganta), upset stomach, wheelchair, wrist (muñeca), X-ray.

Senses and Descriptive Adjectives

Accountant...

UK COVID-19 Infections Plateau as Lockdown Eases

Experts Warn of Potential Surge in Cases and Deaths

Experts advising government ministers have warned that COVID-19 infections in the UK have plateaued or potentially increased slightly in recent weeks. New confirmed cases remain at around 1,000 per day.

Independent SAGE Group Raises Concerns

Scientists from the Independent SAGE group, an independent advisory body, have expressed concerns that the current infection levels could lead to an additional 30,000 deaths. They urge the public to adhere to social distancing guidelines.

Concerns Following Recent Heatwave and Crowds

These warnings come after large crowds gathered at beaches and parks during a recent heatwave, raising concerns about potential...

Human Body Anatomy

• Ankle: tobillo
• Blood: sangre
• Bottom: culo
• Brain: cerebro
• Calf: pantorrilla
• Cheek: mejilla
• Chin: barbilla
• Elbow: codo
• Eyebrows: cejas
• Eyelid: párpado
• Forehead: frente
• Heart: corazón
• Heel: talón
• Hip: cadera
• Intestine: intestino
• Jaw: mandíbula
• Kidney: riñón
• Knee: rodilla
• Lip: labios
• Lungs: pulmones
• Muscle: músculo
• Nail: uña
• Rib: costilla
• Scalp: cuero cabelludo
• Shin: espinilla
• Shoulder: hombro
• Skin: piel
• Skull: cráneo
• Spine: columna vertebral
• Stomach: estómago
• Thigh: muslo
• Throat: garganta
• Thumb: pulgar
• Toe: dedo del pie
• Waist: cintura
• Wrist: muñeca

Medical Treatments and Injuries

• Antibiotics: antibióticos
• Bandage: venda
• Cream: crema
• Dressing: vendaje
• Medicine: medicamento
• Painkillers: analgésicos
• X-ray: radiografía

Common Injuries

• Bang your head: darte un

Immortal Beloved Vocabulary Glossary

• Callous (= merciless, insensitive): cruel, insensible, desalmado
• Withdraw from sth. (= draw away): retirarse de, abandonar, dejar
• Thus: de este modo
• Sole: único, exclusivo
• Bear sth. (have: name, title): llevar
• Nurse sb./sth.: cuidar
• Spat (to spit = escupir)
• Sorrow (= deep sadness): pena, tristeza, melancolía
• Affair (= matter, concern): asunto
• Alas! (= pity, concern): ¡Ay! ¡Qué lástima, qué pena!
• Smash (sth.) up (= destroy, break into pieces): hacer pedazos
• Illegible (= unreadable): ilegible
• Deluge: diluvio, inundación
• Ashamed (= feeling shame): avergonzada
• Countess: condesa
• Weasel (= dishonest person): comadreja
• Vile (= nasty, unpleasant): vil, canalla
• Sigh: suspirar
• Pant (= breathe quickly, noisily): jadear, respirar