Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Fundamentals

Key Components of EBP

Clinical Expertise: The ability to use skills and past experience to rapidly identify each patient's unique health state and weigh potential interventions.

Research Evidence: Clinically relevant research into diagnostic tests, prognostic markers, and interventions.

Patient Characteristics: The unique preferences, concerns, and expectations of each patient, which must be integrated into decision-making.

Understanding Medical Paradigms

What is a Shift in Medical Paradigms?

A formal set of rules for interpreting clinical research must complement clinical training.

What are Insufficient Grounds for Clinical Decision-Making?

Intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiological...

Vocabulary (Text 1)

Common Antidepressants and Medications

• Serotonin: A neurotransmitter that carries signals between nerve cells.
• Mood Stabilizer: A medication that helps regulate mood swings.
• MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors): A class of antidepressants.
• SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): A class of antidepressants that increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
• Remeron (Mirtazapine): An antidepressant used to treat major depressive disorder.
• Wellbutrin (Bupropion): An antidepressant and smoking cessation aid.
• Amitriptyline: A tricyclic antidepressant.
• Skelaxin (Metaxalone): A muscle relaxant.
• Flexeril (Cyclobenzaprine): A muscle relaxant.
• Cephalexin: An antibiotic.
• Percocet: A pain medication containing acetaminophen and oxycodone.

Genetic Material/DNA

Variable Cell Count

1. DNA must contain biologically useful information.
2. Must be capable of reproduction = replication = growth.
3. Must be decodable (MRNA) transcription/translation.
4. Must be able to change or show variation (mutate/adapt).

H20 Sample -> 1ml -> A10(2) -> 1ml -> B10(4) -> 1ml -> C10(6)
0.1ml D10(5) F10(7)
1ml E10(4) G10(6)
- Pour 10ml cooled molten agar over the bottom of the plate, close the lid, swirl to mix and allow to solidify.
- Invert & incubate at 37C for 24-48h.
- After incubation, observe.
- Select a plate with 30-300 colonies.
- Count all colonies on the agar surface/embedded in agar.
- Colonies X dilution factor = colonies/ml

Griffith's Experiment

1. Injected living S in mouse - mouse died.
2. Injected

After:

despres, afterwards: despres d'aixo, athlete: atleta,ballet: balet, be keen on: encantar, beach: platja, brush: raspall, cards: cartes, chatting: chat, chess: escacs, cinema: cine, class: classe, competition: competició, competitive: competitiu, computer: ordinador, cook: cuinar, cooking: gastronomia,, crossword puzzle: mots encreuats,dance: ballar, detective: novel: novel·la policiaca, digital camera: camera digital, doing sport: fer esport, drawing: dibuixar , eat out: minjar fora, film: pel·licula, free time: temps lliure, friend: amic, go out: surtir, good at: bo, hiking: senderisme, hobby: afició, ice hockey: hoquei sobre gel, jog: hacer footing, laugh: riure, learn to play: apendre a tocar la guitarra, leisure: temps lliure,...

Unit Test 3 Level 2

Vocabulary

1

• 1. Prevented 6. Wealthy
• 2. Purchased 7. Called off
• 3. Disease 8. Doubtful
• 4. Increased 9. Venue
• 5. Talked back

2

• 1. Huge hit 5. Lucky break
• 2. Join 6. Improve
• 3. Compete 7. Provide
• 4. Contestants 8. Fascinating

Grammar

3

• 1. Had / got … painted 5. Had spread
• 2. Would continue 6. Will have set
• 3. Hasn’t met 7. Hadn’t lost
• 4. Will … be selected

4

1. I haven’t eaten chocolate for six months.
2. How long have you been running marathons?
3. Sally admitted losing / that she had lost my camera.
4. Our photos were taken by a photographer. / We had/got our photos taken.

5

1. By the time the bus arrived, I’d been waiting (for) an hour.
2. He couldn’t remember where he had left his phone.
3. Had the table been set?
4. (They) Don’t keep their rooms tidy.
5. They

Impact of Television on Child Development

F: Experts say that ADD involves an over-stimulation of young developing brains.

F: This new study tested the idea that television watching by very young children is linked to attention problems by the age of seven.

?: The new study simply talks about attention problems, but it seems to imply that watching too much television can make children more restless and unable to concentrate or even listen attentively for a long period of time. In addition, children may become too aggressive. ?: For some time, researchers have considered that watching too much television can result in children getting fat or aggressive, and there are also other studies that proved that watching television at an early age can cause...

Self-Care for Colds and Flu

What do you do to look after yourself when you catch a cold or the flu? In Madrid, during the month of February, it is common for people to catch a cold. Some of them don't take care of themselves.

When I am ill, I take medication for a week, for instance, ibuprofen or antibiotics; these help me to get over the cold. Secondly, I rest in my bed, and I don't go to school to not infect other people. Additionally, it is essential to eat well because some antibiotics can damage your stomach.

All in all, I believe that when one of us has a cold, it is important to take care of ourselves because these can affect you when you are older.

Can Tourism Improve Ecology?

Nowadays, tourism is an important factor in the development of...

Alleged Martian Sighting During Dog Walk

A woman reported seeing Martians on a hill last Thursday around 10:00 PM while walking her dog. She claims she encountered a Martian who intended to harm her, but she managed to escape. The woman was later admitted to the hospital with a nervous breakdown.

"Are we in danger of a Martian invasion?" concerned neighbors inquired. However, in a press conference, the police reassured residents that the woman had tested positive for drugs and that there was no cause for alarm.

Lady Gaga Cancels Barcelona Concert Due to Food Poisoning

Lady Gaga was forced to cancel her concert in Barcelona last night due to severe stomach pains. The incident occurred during the Spanish leg of her tour.

After the concert began, she...

Arguments for Cloning

Argument 1: Medical Benefits

Cloning offers numerous advantages, including rejuvenation, reversing heart attacks, and treating infertility. It also has applications in plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, cloning can help eliminate defective genes and provide other significant benefits by enabling scientists to create or remove new cells.

Argument 2: Stem Cell Applications

Stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type, are crucial for cloning. They accelerate the process of finding donors for patients. For instance, if a patient requires new skin cells due to severe burns, doctors can clone stem cells to generate the necessary skin cells, greatly aiding recovery.

Argument

Essential Health and Medical Terminology

General Health States

• Health: A good natural condition of the body.
• Ill: Not in good health; sick (Spanish: *no encontrarse bien*).
• Disease: (Spanish: *enfermedad*) A more or less serious disorder of the body.
• Ailment: (Spanish: *achaque*) An illness.

Experiencing Illness and Pain

Symptoms and Conditions

• Suffer: (Spanish: *sufrir*) To experience, especially over a long period of time.
• Fall ill: (Spanish: *caer enfermo*) To become ill.
• Pain: A feeling in a particular part of the body.
• Ache: A continuous pain.
• Hurt: (Spanish: *herir*) To cause pain of any kind; to damage.
• Sore throat: Pain in the throat.
• Headache: Pain in the head.

Specific Ailments and Incidents

• Breakdown: (Spanish: *colapso*) A loss of mental health