Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

1. Basic Emotions

• Joy
• Interest
• Excitement
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Anger
• Disgust
• Contempt
• Fear
• Shame
• Guilt

2. Physiological Responses to Emotions

Emotions trigger physical changes such as an accelerated heart rate, muscle tension, stomach tingling, and dry mouth. These responses provide energy by sending more blood sugar to the liver. Increased oxygen demand leads to a higher heart rate. Digestion slows down as blood is redirected to muscles. Pupils dilate to allow more light, and perspiration increases to cool the body.

3. Detecting Emotions and Lies

While it's difficult to detect lies definitively, physiological responses can indicate emotions. Changes in breathing, pulse pressure, blood flow, and perspiration accompany emotional states.

4. Verbal and Non-Verbal

Non-Infectious Diseases

Non-infectious diseases are conditions that are not caused by infectious agents. They are often chronic and require long-term care.

Cancer

Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells in a body tissue undergo transformation, reproducing abnormally and uncontrollably. It is the second leading cause of unnatural death after cardiovascular diseases.

Major cancers include lung, colon, skin (epithelial), and pancreatic cancer.

Cancer Causes

• Genetic factors
• Chemical exposure
• Physical factors (e.g., ionizing radiation)
• Viruses
• Environmental factors
• Diet

Cancer Prevention

• Maintain a healthy diet
• Avoid tobacco use
• Engage in regular physical exercise
• Avoid excessive exposure to the sun
• Comply with legislation on carcinogens in the workplace

Cardiovascular

Milestones in the History of Medicine

6) Hahnemann (1818-1819), Palmer (1819)

7) Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC) / Hippocrates of Cos (460 BC-?)

8) Aristotle (384-322 BC) / Herophilus and Erasistratus (4th century BC) / Empirical school (3rd-2nd century BC) / Asclepiades (1st century BC), Dioscorides (1st century AD), author of De Materia Medica / Galen (130-200 AD)

9) Hunayn ibn Ishaq (9th century), Introduction to Medicine / a) Razes (9th-10th century), Al-Abbas, Avicenna (10th-11th century) / b) Abulcasis, Avenzoar, Averroes (10th-12th century)

10) Galileo (1616, 1633, 1642) / Santorio and Descartes (17th-18th century) / a) Iatrochemistry (17th century), Paracelsus (15th-16th century) / b) Vitalism (18th century) / c) Empiricism (18th century)

12)

1. Idioms (Body Parts)

• Give someone the cold shoulder: Treat someone in an unfriendly way.

• Pull someone's leg: Tell someone something that is not true, as a joke.

• Be all ears: Be ready to pay attention to what someone says.

• Lend someone a hand: Help someone.

• Pick someone's brains: Ask someone for advice or information.

• Do something behind someone's back: Do something without someone knowing about it.

• Stick your neck out for someone: Take a risk because you believe in someone.

• Be at each other's throats: Argue in an angry way with another person.

• Have someone under your thumb: Have complete control over someone.

• Put your foot down: Refuse very firmly to do or accept something.

• Get something off your chest: Tell someone about something that has been worrying

Balancing Academic Goals and Personal Growth

First of all, I really need to vent tonight because trying to get in shape for the grueling UCSM admission exam while simultaneously pushing myself to improve my guitar skills is driving me a bit crazy lately. I had such a promising start when I first filled out my vision board, but honestly, some days I really struggle with motivation, and those two hours of daily study feel absolutely endless. Unsurprisingly, scrolling through my phone instead of opening my books is a bad habit that I can't seem to shake off easily, and there are nights when I just fail to stick to my goal perfectly. Nonetheless, I keep reminding myself that I need to set myself a challenge if I actually want to build a future that...

Occlusal Treatment and Patient Education

• Occlusal splint therapy
• Occlusal equilibration (selective grinding)
• Restorative or prosthetic rehabilitation
• Orthodontic treatment

Types of Dental Implants

• Subperiosteal
• Transosteal
• Endosteal (Blade/Root)

Indications for Dental Implants

• Inability to wear a removable or complete denture
• Need for a long-span fixed partial denture
• Unfavorable number and location of natural tooth abutments
• Single tooth loss necessitating preparation of undamaged teeth

Contraindications for Dental Implants

• Acute or terminal illness
• Pregnancy
• Uncontrolled metabolic disease
• Radiation at the implant site
• Improper patient motivation
• Abnormal bone metabolism
• Lack of operator experience
• Inability to restore the prosthesis
• Extraction due to caries

Implant

Maxillofacial Defects: Classification

Congenital Defects

• Cleft lip and palate
• Microtia and Anotia
• Congenital anophthalmia

Acquired Defects

• Surgical resection
• Trauma
• Pathological: Osteomyelitis, post-radiation necrosis

Developmental Defects

• Micrognathia
• Maxillary hypoplasia
• Hemifacial microsomia

Objectives of Maxillofacial Restoration

• Restoration of function
• Restoration of esthetics
• Psychological rehabilitation
• Surgical reconstruction

Rehabilitation of Maxillofacial Defects

• Surgical reconstruction
• Prosthetic rehabilitation
• Combined surgical and prosthetic approach

Palatal Development

• Primary Palate: 5th week, median nasal process rises to form the premaxilla.
• Secondary Palate: 7th week, fusion begins at the nasal septum, giving rise to the hard and soft palate.

Etiology

Part 1: Multiple Choice Exercises

• I was working when you called me last night.
• She called the client yesterday morning.
• I am looking for the documents right now.
• He was turning the TV on when the power went out.
• We were dealing with the issue when the system suddenly crashed.

Part 2: Progressive and Simple Tenses

• I was picking up a vehicle when you texted me.
• She did not follow up with the client yesterday.
• We are looking after the baby right now.
• They woke up late this morning.
• I was looking for my keys when I found my phone.

Part 3: Phrasal Verbs

• I ran into my teacher.
• She is looking for the information.
• You waited for me yesterday.
• We talked about work.

Part 4: Translation Practice

• We called off the meeting yesterday.
• She is looking for the exams right now.

1. Create the Members Table

CREATE TABLE Members (member_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT NOT NULL, joined INTEGER, membership_type TEXT, monthly_fee REAL);

2. List Members Who Joined in 2022

Retrieve member names joined in 2022, ordered alphabetically:

SELECT name FROM Members WHERE joined = 2022 ORDER BY name;

3. Basic Members Joined in 2023

SELECT name FROM Members WHERE membership_type = 'Basic' AND joined = 2023;

4. Total Monthly Gym Revenue

SELECT SUM(monthly_fee) AS total_monthly_income FROM Members;

5. Monthly Revenue by Membership Type

SELECT membership_type, SUM(monthly_fee) AS total_monthly_income_per_type FROM Members GROUP BY membership_type;

6. Long Workouts (Over 60 Minutes)

SELECT activity_type FROM Workouts WHERE duration_minutes >

1. Daily Routine: Past vs Present

Last year, my daily routine was very different from my routine now. Last year, I woke up early every day and went to school from Monday to Friday. After school, I studied for two hours and sometimes I played football with my friends. At the weekend, I visited my grandparents or watched films at home.

Now, my routine has changed a lot. I work in the mornings and I study in the afternoon. I usually go to the gym three times a week. In my free time, I relax or go out with friends.

In conclusion, although I am busier now than before, I feel more independent and organized.

2. Newspaper Article: Organized Crime

Last Friday night, the police carried out an operation against an organized crime group in Madrid. The operation...