Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Passive Voice and Reported Speech

Active Voice and Reported Speech

• Present Simple: make → recycle (he said)
• Present Continuous: are making → am volunteering (he said)
• Present Perfect Simple: have made → have given (she said)
• Past Simple: made
• Present Perfect Continuous: have been cooking (he said)
• Past Continuous: were making
• Past Perfect Simple: had made → planted (he said)
• Will: will make → were swimming (past continuous)
• Be Going To: are going to make
• Modal Verbs: can, must, should (can make) → Future Simple: will join

Passive Voice and Reported Speech

• Are made: Past Simple: he recycled
• Are being made: Past Continuous: he was recycling
• Have been made: Past Perfect Simple: she had given
• Were made: Past Perfect Continuous: he had been cooking
• Were

English Grammar & Sentence Structure

Word Substitution Examples

• It was a rough track, a path made of uneven stones.

Nouns in Context

• It was a brave action but not a smart one. Tea and coffee both contain caffeine, the former even more than the latter.

Verbs and Phrases in Action

• I love traveling in dangerous places, but Sophie doesn’t. I want to take a vacation, but to do so means taking time off.

Understanding Clauses

• Not many people know this region. Yes, I’m aware of that. The road was blocked.

Ellipsis Usage

• She wasn’t the first person to write about this region.

Vocabulary & Word Transformations

Word Pairs: Verb-Noun & Related Forms

• Set - setting
• Describe - description
• Appealed - appeal
• Is commenting - comment
• About - story
• Deals with

Understanding Food Contamination

Food contaminants are substances which may be present in foods as a result of how they have been handled through the different stages of production or as a result of environmental contamination.

What are Foodborne Illnesses?

Foodborne illnesses result from eating spoiled food or food that has been contaminated. When a foodborne illness involves an infection, it is called a foodborne infection.

Common Foodborne Infections

• Salmonellosis

  Salmonellosis is a foodborne illness caused by eating food contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. These bacteria are often found in contaminated water, in poorly preserved foods made with egg, and in meat. Symptoms include headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is particularly serious

English Health Vocabulary and Medical Terms

Welcome to the comprehensive collection of English health vocabulary with Polish translations. This list covers medical conditions, symptoms, treatments, and healthy lifestyle habits to help you communicate effectively in health-related situations.

Accidents and Emergencies

• accident victim – świadek wypadku
• accident – wypadek
• ambulance – ambulans
• first aid – pierwsza pomoc
• wound – rana
• wounded – zraniony

Addiction and Health Habits

• addict – osoba uzależniona
• addiction – uzależnienie
• be addicted to sth – być uzależnionym od czegoś
• avoid stress – unikać stresu
• do/take regular exercise – regularnie ćwiczyć
• get enough sleep – mieć wystarczająco dużo snu
• give up smoking – rzucić

The Importance of Breast Milk for Babies

Mother’s milk is highly digestible, free of bacteria, and possesses an ideal composition tailored specifically to a baby's needs.

Health Advantages of Breastfeeding for Mothers

• Oxytocin Release: Promotes uterine contraction and decreases the risk of postpartum bleeding.
• Hormonal Balance: Increased oxytocin leads to a decrease in estrogen, which reduces the risk of breast (mamma) and ovarian cancer (CA).
• Bone Health: Increases bone mineralization, decreasing the risk of osteoporosis.
• Emotional Well-being: Stimulates the mother-infant bond and triggers the release of endorphins, promoting happiness.
• Physical Recovery: Aids in natural contraception and supports post-labor weight reduction.

Introducing Complementary

Chronic Pain:

• Common types of CP: acute pain, arthritis, low back pain, neck pain, musculoskeletal disorder (4th greatest impact on world population)
• Common causes of pain: Nociceptive (normally functions Nervous system), neuropathic (abnormally function nervous system)

Risk factors with CP:

• aging, genetic predisposition (migraine), chronic disease (cancer), injury (low back pain), surgery (nerve damage), socioeconomic factors (education, poverty, health insurance coverage)
• migraines most common in females, back pain in males

Functional limitations:

• squeezing, migraine headaches, disability headache, impact activity tolerance

Workplace implications:

• 26% indicate pain as issue in employment, 19% had lost jobs, 16% change job tasks, 13% changed jobs,

Environmental Concerns and Technological Advancements

Herbie's Telepathic Abilities

What special power does Herbie have?

Herbie can read people’s minds.

How does Herbie use this power?

• Susan: The robot makes her believe Milton loves her, which is untrue.
• Alfred: Herbie makes Alfred believe it doesn’t know what went wrong, despite knowing the truth.
• Bogert: Herbie tells Bogert he will be the next director and is a better mathematician than the robot.
• Milton: Because the robot told Susan that Milton is in love with her, she changes her treatment of him, which confuses Milton.

Why does the robot behave this way?

Because it cannot harm humans, and telling the truth would hurt their feelings. It is protecting them emotionally.

How and why does Susan Calvin destroy Herbie?

She gives the robot a problem that...

Secondary Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

• Renal: Stenosis, PCKD, Obstruction
• Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly
• Aorta Coarctation
• Other: Thyroid disorders, Hypercalcemia

Red Flags in Secondary Hypertension

• Hypokalemia
• Early age of onset
• Patient over 50 years old
• High severity
• Refractory to therapy
• Increased paroxysmal blood pressure
• Absence of obesity

Pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis

• Plasma metanephrine level
• Urine free catecholamine
• Ultrasound/CT
• MIBG In-111

Cushing's Syndrome

Diagnosis

• 24-hour urine cortisol
• 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (screening)
• 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test
• Cortisol circadian rhythm
• Laboratory tests: Increased hematocrit/hemoglobin, decreased eosinophils
• Sinus/petrous imaging

Multiple