History of Medicine: Key Figures, Discoveries and Milestones from Antiquity to Modern Science
Milestones in the History of Medicine
6) Hahnemann (1818-1819), Palmer (1819)
7) Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC) / Hippocrates of Cos (460 BC-?)
8) Aristotle (384-322 BC) / Herophilus and Erasistratus (4th century BC) / Empirical school (3rd-2nd century BC) / Asclepiades (1st century BC), Dioscorides (1st century AD), author of De Materia Medica / Galen (130-200 AD)
9) Hunayn ibn Ishaq (9th century), Introduction to Medicine / a) Razes (9th-10th century), Al-Abbas, Avicenna (10th-11th century) / b) Abulcasis, Avenzoar, Averroes (10th-12th century)
10) Galileo (1616, 1633, 1642) / Santorio and Descartes (17th-18th century) / a) Iatrochemistry (17th century), Paracelsus (15th-16th century) / b) Vitalism (18th century) / c) Empiricism (18th century)
12) Gaines, Avicenna / Vesalius (16th century) / 19th century: Cuvier, Lamarck, Darwin
13) Humoral theory / Fibrillar theory: a) Vesalius, 16th century, dissection / b) Microscopy: Malpighi (17th century), In pulmonibus / Cell theory: 19th century, Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, Virchow, Cajal (Nobel Prize 1906, with Golgi; the reference "1944" and "53" appear to be typographical errors)
14) Preformationism (17th century) / Epigenesis (18th century), Wolff / a) Von Baer, Remak / b) Roux, embryological mosaic theory
15) Gaines, Servetus (16th century) / Modern physiology: Paracelsus (15th-16th century) / a) Mechanical school: Galileo, Santorio, Descartes / b) Organic school: Paracelsus, Van Helmont / c) Empiricism / W. Harvey (1578-1657) and the circulation of blood / 18th century: Newton, Von Haller (vitalism), Spallanzani
16) a) Bichat / b) Magendie (1783-1855), Bernard (1813-1878), introduction of experimental methods / 19th century: Müller, Ludwig, Helmholtz
17) Clinical medicine: Galen, Paracelsus / Sydenham (1624-1689), medical observation / Diagnosis development: (17th century) accidental findings; (18th century) clinical diagnosis; (19th century) diagnosis based on clinical knowledge; Auenbrugger, percussion (18th century); Laënnec, treatise on mediate auscultation
18) Etiology: Galen, Agrippa and Lugger; hiccups; Fracastoro, contagion theory / Liebig (19th century), zymotic diseases / Pasteur (19th century), fermentation / Koch, postulates
19) Public health: Hippocrates (on diet); Diocles of Carystus, letter (4th century BC); Galen, hygiene; Constantine the African and Avicenna, health schemes. Health policy (18th century): a) J. P. Frank, a complete police system for medicine; b) Movement of sanitation in England. Current perspective: access to health statistics, fundamental investment in experimental research, and the role of microbes in scientific public health and social hygiene.
20) Medicine and pharmacology: Dioscorides, De Materia Medica (1st century) / Chemotherapy (19th century): a) Derosne (narcotine), Sertürner (morphine) / b) Schmiedeberg
21) Surgery: Paul of Aegina (7th century), Abulcasis (10th century) / Ambroise Paré (16th century), Hidalgo (16th century) / Empiricism (18th century), Sydenham, Hunter / 19th century: Morton (anesthesia), Ignaz Semmelweis (antiseptic hand washing), Lister (antiseptic surgery), Kocher