Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Guilds

The guilds were associations of artisans with the same trade. At the top were teachers, then officers, and finally apprentices with rules about working conditions. Artisans belonging to a guild lived on the same street.

Migration

Peasants migrated to cities due to an increase in rural population, leading to city growth. Cities became important as many peasants emigrated, recovering commercial importance and increasing food supply.

Main Causes in the Crisis

Feudal Europe faced problems in the 14th century, with peasants rebelling against lords, urban poor against oligarchy, and massive revolts due to the Black Death.

Religious Crisis

Within Catholicism, the Western Schism occurred, leading to a period of rupture with two popes.

Political Crisis

The...

DEMOCRACY:

A political system in which people choose their leaders by voting for them.

• Freedom: Is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants. (Es el poder o el derecho de actuar, hablar o pensar como uno quiera.)
• Power of division: The political power is divided to avoid having a single group that governs: Legislative, executive, judicial. (El poder político se divide para evitar tener un solo grupo que gobierne: Legislativo, Ejecutivo, Judicial.)
• Equality: We are all equal under the law. The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities. (Todos somos iguales ante la ley. El estado de ser igual, especialmente en estatus, derechos u oportunidades.)
• Representative:  People take part in politics by voting for

FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

It was fought by various European countries and their African and Asian colonies, the United States, Japan, China, and some Latin American republics.

Causes of the war

Control of the Balkans: The Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russian Empire competed for the control of the Balkans. Also, Serbia was angry about the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the area. This led to a crisis. Control of some colonies: France wanted to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine. France and Germany also competed for control of colonies, important for economic expansion, especially Morocco. Great Britain supremacy of its merchant navy threatened: When the German empire, which had become an economic power during the Second Industrial...

The Treaty of Versailles

1.The Treaty of Versailles consisted of the signing of an agreement between the partner countries after the 1st war, and also involved international agreements on the guilt of the war and the economic compensation to face. In the treaty involved the payment of compensation and war reparations from the defeated countries to the winning countries. Prohibition of rearmament to Germany; loss of territory and colonies that remained under the dominion of the winning countries or the League of Nations.

The treaty held that Germany was to blame for having started the war for it is the country that will have the political responsibility to correct what happened in the war through indemnities and territories.

The League of Nations

2....

the colosseum it take 80 years to construct.Started by the empereor vespasian.50000 people.76.Gladiators,actors,gravediggers not coliuseem.roman built roads,aches,bridges,aqueducts,long channels.

Post-Napoleonic Europe and the Concert of Europe

Balance of Powers

The primary objective of the Quadruple Alliance, which sought to ensure that no single state could dominate others in economic or political power. The members included:

• Great Britain
• Russia
• Prussia
• Austria

Holy Alliance

A union of Christian monarchies based on an idea by Tsar Alexander I. Its main objective was to combat revolutionary movements, upholding the principle of legitimacy. The alliance represented different branches of Christianity:

• Russia: Orthodox
• Prussia: Protestant
• Austria: Catholic

Quadruple Alliance

An alliance formed by the victors of the Napoleonic Wars. Its objectives were to re-establish the balance of power and prevent France from restoring its hegemony. Great Britain...

OLD REGIME

It was a social and political system established in Western Europe from approximately the 15th century. The political system was authoritarian and had absolute monarchy, demography (old demographic regime), society (estates of realm), economy (agrarian subsistence economy), and religion.

ENLIGHTENMENT

It was an intellectual movement developed in the 18th century. It started in France and spread to Europe and America. It defended progress, education, nature, encyclopedias, and separation of powers.

REVOLUTION

A historical process that drives to a very deep change which can be political or economical. They are usually short.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

The progress of independence of the USA (1775-1783). It was a colonial revolt against the British...

24: Autonomy Statute 79

Series of articles of the BAS 79 (still in use). Legal text signed by Adolfo Suarez. Author: the autonomous government of the region. First level.

Back to the end of Francoism and transition. After Franco’s death, people in the government changed. Suarez was introduced as a co-operator, and he started making some reforms. The first one was the Political Reform Bill that was submitted to a referendum. Once it was approved, that was the opening to democracy. Moreover, elections were held. In the central government, UCD was the winner. In the case of the Basque Country, PNV began writing the 1978 Constitution. Democratic. It recognized national sovereignty. Nation: constitutional monarchy with two chambers: congress/senate,...

The Polish Problem

In the summer of 1939, Poland was unaware of the impending war.

German Invasion

August 31, 1939:

• Provocation of Gleiwitz: Germany staged an attack on its own radio station to blame Poland.

September 1, 1939:

• Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war.
• Schleswig-Holstein battle: German battleship attacked the port of Gdańsk.

Soviet Invasion

September 17, 1939:

• Soviet Union invaded Poland under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

Poland under German Occupation

• Headquarters in Kraków: Nazis established the General Government.
• Robbery of Art: Masterpieces were stolen.
• Sonderaktion Krakau: Intellectual elites, including professors, were arrested.

Soviet Occupation

• Katyn Massacre: Polish military elites were executed in the Katyn Forest.
• Civilians

History of Slavery

Slavery Defined

Slavery refers to a condition in which individuals are owned by others, who control where they live and at what they work. Slavery has existed throughout history, in many times and most places.

Life on Board Slave Ships

Slave ships spent several months traveling to different parts of the coast, buying their cargo. The captives were often in poor health from the physical and mental abuse they had suffered. They were taken on board, stripped naked, and examined from head to toe by the captain or surgeon.

The Abolition of the Slave Trade

The abolition of the slave trade in the British Empire was not going to happen overnight. Britain had been involved in the slave trade for more than 100 years before some people began...