Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Wilson's Fourteen Points

• Self-determination
• Isolation of Russia
• Revenge of France, because of the territories of Alsace and Saarland

The Crisis of 1929: Causes

The main causes of the 1929 crisis were:

• Inflation
• Speculation
• Overproduction

Great Depression: Development and Measures

In 1929, the era of prosperity was interrupted by a severe crisis that began with the crash of the New York Stock Exchange. Unable to collect the loans that had been granted, most banks went bankrupt, and those that survived the crisis drastically reduced the financing of firms.

Before long, industrial production declined drastically. Unemployment affected almost all social classes.

National Responses to the Great Depression

• United States: Proposed a shock plan to revive the economy,

1. 1st Continental Congress- All colonies except Georgia went to this congress in Philadelphia in 1774 to respond to the Intolerable Acts

2. Articles of Confederation- 1st Constitution had no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade

3. The Aztec- Nomadic tribe of hunter-gathers, capital city Tenochtitlan, bloodthirsty ruler, made many sacrifices.

4. BTP- Citizens disguised as Indians, dumped tea into the harbor in 1773.

5. Braddock- British commander during the F&I war. Attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. Defeated by the F&I Braddock was mortally wounded.

6. Bunker Hill- The British took over a hill in Boston

7. Cabral- Claimed Brazil for Portugal

8. Cahokia- Mound-builder settlement, located near today's East St. Louis, Illinois;

The Boer republics strike gold

• After 1842, the Great Trek moved on further north-east. Eventually the trekkers established two independent republics: the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

• After the discovery of diamond and gold deposits in 1867 and 1886, the British renewed their interest in annexing the Boer republics.

• The driving force behind this enterprise was Cecil Rhodes. 

• Rhodes arrived in Kimberley in 1871 to make a fortune in the diamond fields. He later extended his interests to the gold mines of the Transvaal.

• By the end of the decade his two companies, De Beers Consolidated Mines and Gold Fields of South Africa, dominated the South African trade.  

But Rhodes had wider imperialist ambitions: he dreamt of establishing...

Causes of Colonialism

Demography

• Population growth (Emigration; America, Africa, Australia).
• Economy

Economic

• Search for new markets: to get raw materials/to sell manufactured products.
• Thanks to the transport revolution (steam ships).

Politics

• Developed countries looked for dominance (expansionist policies).

The Berlin Conference

Before 1885, one powerful country could occupy new territory and simply say "this belongs to us now!".

After 1884, countries had to agree to the principle of "effective occupation". This meant that they had to administer the country, not just possess it. Africa was divided up mainly between Great Britain and France. This was supposed to reduce the possibilities of conflict over colonial territories. Holding the conference in...

Tipp-Ex: Liquid Correction Fluid

Product Description

Tipp-Ex is a liquid correction fluid with a brush applicator.

Safety Precautions

• Flammable Product: Do not bring near any flame or incandescent object.
• Keep Away from Children: Ensure the product is stored out of reach of children.
• Toxic Product: Do not ingest.
• In Case of Ingestion: Seek immediate medical attention at the nearest hospital's toxicology department.

Key Historical Periods and Economic Systems

Major Historical Eras

Prehistory

This period began with the appearance of the first human beings.

Antiquity

This period of history spans from the invention of writing in about 3300 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.

The Middle Ages

This period began with the fall of the Roman Empire...

HUAC: The House Un-American Activities Committee

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was formed to uncover citizens with Nazi ties within the United States. It also investigated allegations of communist activity in the US during the early years of the Cold War.

Arms Race: Military-Industrial Complex and Nuclear Power

Military-Industrial Complex: The US economy became dependent on military supplies production.

Nuclear Capabilities: Both the US and the USSR produced nuclear weapons to deter the other side from attacking. This led to the concept of MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction).

Korean War: A Nation Divided

• The US, with support from the UN, helped the capitalist South, pushing communists back to the border with China.
• China intervened,

Industrial Revolution:

Key Figures

Andrew Carnegie:

• U.S. Steel
• Pennsylvania
• Sold company
• Gave 80% of fortune to educational, cultural, and scientific foundations
• Donated $350M to 2,500 public libraries, universities, and other foundations
• Improved workers' conditions
• Workers were previously treated poorly with low wages, paid for output, not hours
• Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth: Help those who will help themselves

John D. Rockefeller:

• Oil business
• Ohio
• Acquired competitors
• Christian family: Taught to give to charity
• Half of wealth used for public education through philanthropic efforts: building universities (University of Chicago), libraries, and art education
• Workers treated fairly, fostering a sense of belonging in the “Standard Oil Factory”

J.P. Morgan:

Spanish American Independence Movements

Stages of Independence

• First Stage: Juntas were established in America, fostering a desire for independence.
• Second Stage: Ferdinand VII refused to grant autonomy to the colonies. Figures like Simón Bolívar, Antonio José de Sucre, and José de San Martín, with support from the USA and UK, led military victories against Spain.
• By 1815, Spain had lost nearly all its American territories.

The Isabeline Period in Spain

Regency Period: Ferdinand VII's Aftermath

• Government was exercised by a regent after the death of her father, Ferdinand VII.

• The First Carlist War

  • The First Carlist War erupted due to disputes over the succession to the throne.
  • Supporters of Don Carlos, primarily absolutists, fought against Isabel'

Medieval Christianity: Faith and Society

During the Middle Ages, Christianity was the main religion in Europe. The Christian territories became known as Christendom. The Church affected all aspects of life.

Daily Life and Religious Practices

The rites of baptism, marriage, and death were carried out by the clergy. Christians had to go to church and pray every day. They also had to:

• Fast during Lent
• Attend confession
• Receive communion
• If possible, make a pilgrimage to a holy place to obtain eternal life.

Church bells regulated the peasants' working hours, and the calendar followed religious holidays. Years were counted from the time of Christ's birth.

The Church's Extensive Power

The Church held great social, political, and economic power. A significant...

Immediate Effects of WWI in Europe

The aftermath of World War I led to the dissolution of authoritarian empires and the emergence of new republics with parliamentary systems. Democracy was consolidated in some nations, with the introduction of male suffrage and benefits like 8-hour workdays and unemployment support. However, the 1920s saw Europe grapple with economic hardship due to inflation, declining yields, and rising unemployment, exacerbated by the 1929 crisis.

Social unrest, including strikes and protests, further destabilized the continent. These demonstrations were often met with harsh repression, limiting trade union rights and fueling political turmoil.

Oldest Democracies and Post-War Crisis

Faced with economic chaos and social unrest,...