Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

What is a Global City?

A global city, also known as a world city, is generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system (e.g., New York). It is a city that has a significant component of transnational elites.

Rome is a globalized (diversely global) city known around the world for its historical, demographic, and cultural trends, such as its image as a center of religious heritage. Rome has been crucial in the development of modern tourism, which is considered one of the side effects of economics.

Stereotypes

A stereotype is to believe unfairly that all people or things with a particular characteristic are the same. Common stereotypes of Rome include:

• The Eternal City (never-lasting)
• Romantic, free, and fun
• City of layers
• Ancient

Colonial Nigeria: British Administration and Independence

The largest of British colonies in West Africa was Nigeria. The establishment of Nigeria as a British colony was mainly due to the efforts of Sir George Goldie.

After gaining control of all the British firms trading on the Niger River, he also took over two French companies and signed treaties with numerous African leaders. By 1886, his firm controlled business activities in the area and was granted a British royal charter, establishing the Royal Niger Company.

In 1900, the charter was revoked, and the company's territory came under the direct control of the British government. A year later, Nigeria became a British protectorate.

The administration of Nigeria was based on a system called...

The Rise of Asian Countries

China: The Birth of a Great Power

After Mao Zedong, the People's Republic of China was ruled by Deng Xiaoping (1978-1997). He promoted economic reforms known as "market socialism", which combined communism with some elements of capitalism. His reforms included:

1. Dismantling the communes.
2. Distributing land among the peasants.
3. Allowing peasants to sell their own products.
4. Encouraging the export of cheap products to foreign countries.
5. Opening China to foreign trade and investments.

Xiaoping's successors, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, have followed the same policy. The result has been the spectacular growth of the Chinese GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and its exports. Despite China being one of the greatest powers in the world, social...

UNIT 8: THE COLD WAR AND THE PROCESS OF DECOLONISATION

1.1. THE WORLD AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR

After World War II, two victorious world powers emerged: the USA and the USSR. They became adversaries because they had different political, economic, and social systems. Each power looked for allies in the rest of the world and attempted to influence foreign governments. Two opposed blocs emerged: USA insisted on the expulsion of the communists from Western Europe, while USSR looked to establish communist governments in Eastern and Central Europe.

1.2. THE CONTROL OF THE BLOCS

In 1947, the American president, Harry S. Truman denounced the imposition of communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe, offered economic and military aid to the countries...

US Civil War

Causes

• Slavery
• Protectionism
• States' rights
• Territorial crisis
• Sectionalism and cotton trade
• Nationalism and honor
• Slave power and free soil
• National elections

Events

Mobilization, prisoners, naval war, Union blockade, Emancipation Proclamation

Consequences

End of slavery

The Great War (World War I)

Causes

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
• Militarism
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• Alliances

Alliances

Russia and Serbia, Germany and Austria-Hungary, France and Russia, Britain and France and Belgium, Japan and Britain

Russian Revolution

The first revolution happened in 1905, and the second revolution in 1917.

Causes

Poor living conditions, killing of the workers, bad governments, unemployment, no food, no money, government didn't help.

The Romanovs were the ruling...

The Al-Andalus from Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

After the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba (1031), the weak Taifa kingdoms emerged, and Christian rule gradually replaced Muslim dominance in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Historical Evolution of Al-Andalus

Following the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI (1085) until the end of the fifteenth century, Al-Andalus was controlled first by the Almoravids and later by the Almohads. Ultimately, it was reduced to the Kingdom of Granada.

The Almoravids

The Almoravids were Berber nomads who established a vast empire in North Africa in the early eleventh century. In 1086, invited by the Taifa kings, they entered the peninsula. After defeating the Christians at the Battle of Sagrajas (1086), they imposed their...

The Cold War

The Cold War was a model of international relations that developed after World War II. It was based on antagonism between the blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union. These powers engaged in a long confrontation, stopping short of direct military conflict between the two superpowers. Instead, they participated in an extensive arms race and adopted belligerent stances. The tension between the blocs also led to the use of espionage, propaganda, and other 'dirty tricks', justified as necessary to defend against the opposing bloc.

Conflicts of the Cold War

Korean War

At the end of World War II, Korea was divided, with the North occupied by Soviet troops and the South by American forces. Despite an agreement to establish a single...

The Radical-CEDA Biennium: The Revolution of 1934

The dissolution of parliament in September 1933 ended the alliance between the Radical Party and the Socialists under Azaña. The right wing reorganized during the biennium, with two main trends. First, the opposition to the Republic, including Monarchists, Traditionalists, and Fascists (JONS, Falange Española), who merged in 1934. Second, the Republican right, composed of CEDA and Acción Popular. The political campaign was very tense, revealing a deep division in society. The Socialists considered CEDA and its leader, Gil Robles, to be fascist and threatened a revolution if the right won the elections. The right, in turn, regarded the Socialists as revolutionary, aiming to revise the Constitution...

The Liberal and National Revolutions

The strength of liberalism and nationalism was demonstrated in three great revolutionary waves after 1820, which crumbled the Restoration system configured in the Congress of Vienna.

The Revolutions of 1820

By 1820, a series of uprisings led by liberal activists, especially the military, tried in several countries to eliminate absolutism and seize power through insurrections against the armies of the Holy Alliance.

Only in Greece, where liberal interests joined with a strong patriotic movement, did an insurrection against the Turkish Empire win. In 1822, the Greeks declared their independence, which became effective in 1829 after a cruel war.

Movements were also victorious in the Spanish colonies of continental...

The French Revolution

The French Revolution: In 1789, King Louis XVI convened the assembly to announce new taxes to improve the economy. However, the privileged refused to renounce their advantages. Before 1789, members of the Third Estate proclaimed a National Assembly, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.

1st Stage: Moderate Revolution (1789-1792)

Louis XVI sent troops to Paris, triggering a reaction from the people who stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of royal power.

2nd Stage: Republic and Reign of Terror (1792-1795)

In 1792, Austria and Prussia declared war on France, aiming to restore the Ancien Régime. The radical Jacobins, supported by the people of Paris, seized power, abolished the monarchy, and proclaimed the Republic....