Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Key Concepts in Spanish Political History

Constitution: A state law that includes the rights, freedoms, and duties of a country.

Nationalist Movements: Based on liberal and Romantic ideas.

Nation: A group of people who live in the same place, sharing a language, traditions, and laws.

Renaissance: A cultural movement that appeared in the 19th century, directed by the bourgeoisie, with liberal ideas of Romanticism.

Key Periods and Events

Characteristics of the Cadiz Constitution: Parliamentary monarchy, universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, feudal rights, and economic freedom.

Liberal Triennium (1820-1823): A pronouncement was made stating that King Ferdinand VII could no longer govern. The Holy Alliance restored the old regime.

Moderate Liberals:

**3. Carrero Blanco's Death**

On December 20, 1973, the date set by the Public Order Court (TOP) to hold the trial of the national coordinator of the Workers' Commissions (CCOO), the Txikia commando of ETA killed Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco in Madrid. With this terrorist attack, the Basque organization ETA, which assumed responsibility for the assassination later known as *"Operation Ogre"*, triggered a crisis in the ruling coalition's politics. Admiral Carrero had facilitated the arrival of technocrats to power in 1957 and demonstrated his influence over Franco's designation of Juan Carlos as the dictator's successor to the Head of State. Like the general, he always opposed the creation of political associations and the construction of autonomous...

Geopolitics

Examines how space is organized within societies.

Supranational Organizations

Examples include the United Nations and the European Union.

Subnational Entities

Comprising regional and local authorities.

The State

A set of institutions created to organize the life and activity of people who live in the same territory, governed by the same laws under one power.

Territory

Well-delimited borders distinguish it from other states and territories.

Population

People living within the state's territory, possessing rights and obligations that apply equally to all citizens.

Functions of the State

• Establishes laws regulating social relations among the state's population.
• Ensures compliance with laws through the judiciary.
• Maintains internal order and external

The Great Depression ruined millions of people, from banks to farmers, industries, and foreign trade. The crisis spread from the United States to the world.

Consequences of the Crisis

• Demographic: Population growth and transoceanic migrations stopped as recipient countries limited immigration to reduce internal unemployment.
• Economic: Agricultural and industrial production decreased, as did foreign trade due to protectionist policies adopted by various countries.
• Social: Unemployment grew, and the middle class and impoverished workers developed a strong rejection of the capitalist system and mistrust in progress.
• Political: The crisis discredited democracy, which initially failed to provide solutions.

To find solutions, Franklin D. Roosevelt launched...

The Russian Revolution

In 1917, the first worker and peasant revolution in history took place, establishing the first Marxist government.

Russia Before the Revolution

In the early twentieth century, the Russian Empire was a state in contrast to much of the world. Although it maintained feudalism, there was a Tsar, or Emperor, who held absolute power.

Russian citizens had no individual rights.

The majority of the population were peasant farmers, whose lands were part of large estates owned by a small elite.

Only 10% of the population were industrial workers.

The 1917 Revolution

February 1917: Farmers, workers, and soldiers staged a revolution, leading to the abdication of Nicholas II. Russia transitioned into a democratic republic.

Provisional Government

Causes of the Crisis of 1917

As Spain benefited from exporting to other countries while workers continued to receive the same wages, a crisis formed that affected several areas:

• Social Crisis: The socialist unions (UGT) and anarchist unions (CNT) called a general strike with the aim of overthrowing the political system of the Restoration.
• Military Crisis: Soldiers joined organizations called Juntas de Defensa Militar and demanded higher salaries. They also called for political changes and the continuation of the war in Morocco.
• Political Crisis: Catalans, Republicans, and Socialists met in an Assembly of Parliamentarians and tried to impose political reform. However, the assembly was dissolved by the government.

Consequences of the Crisis of 1917

The...

1. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:

• The United Kingdom has 13 colonies on the east coast of North America. Britain wanted raw materials from their colonies and held a monopoly on trade. The colonies were subjected to the authority of the British king, imposed taxes on the settlers, and the settlers were not represented in the British Parliament.
• The US Declaration of Independence: 1776, on 4^th July, representatives of the 13 colonies signed the Declaration of Independence.
• The War of Independence and the First Constitution: The colonies, led by General George Washington, won decisive victories. Britain recognized the United States as an independent nation. The United States of America Constitution was the first in history; it established national sovereignty

Key Historical Vocabulary

1. Crisis: A situation that is extremely difficult or dangerous, often characterized by numerous problems.
2. Dictatorship: A form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations.
3. Roaring Twenties: A period when society was returning to normalcy after the First World War, marked by rapid economic growth and significant social change.
4. Uprising: An act of opposition, sometimes involving violence, by many people in a specific area of a country against those in power.
5. Corruption: Illegal, unethical, or dishonest behavior, particularly by individuals in positions of power.
6. Protectorate: A region or political unit controlled by another, or the government by which

Economic Growth and Industrial Expansion (1870-1914)

This period witnessed the most significant increase in economic growth ever recorded in such a short time. The standard of living improved considerably in industrialized countries.

Expansion of Industrialization (1870-1914)

• Russia and Spain: Their factories were concentrated in specific regions, and their economies were not fully industrialized.
• Germany: Became the world's leading manufacturer of chemical products.
• United States: Became the leading industrial power thanks to its economic dynamism and the presence of great inventors.
• Japan: In 1868, it began to modernize intensively with the advice of European and North American technicians.

The Rise of Corporations

A characteristic of this period...