Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Medieval Society

Society was divided into privileged and non-privileged estates:

• Privileged Estates: Nobility and clergy. Members were subject to different laws than the rest.
• Non-privileged Estates: People who weren't members of the clergy or nobility. Most were peasants, but there were also craftsmen, traders, etc.

Nobility

Nobles were dedicated to fighting wars.

• Higher Nobility: Consisted of dukes, marquises, counts, etc. They were vassals of the king and lords of other vassals of lower rank. They lived in castles, collected taxes, and administered justice in their fiefs.

Clergy

There were two different groups of clergy:

• Secular Clergy: Priests that depended on a bishop.
• Regular Clergy: Members of a religious order who lived in a monastery.

• Higher

Types of Complements

• Direct Object (DO)
• Indirect Object (IO)
• Demoted Object
• Subject Complement
• Object Complement
• Predicator Complement
• Prepositional Object (cannot be an object complement because it is introduced by a preposition)

Predicator complements do not admit a passive. Verbs taking obligatory directional complements include creep and slip. Relational verbs include have and possess. Verbs of measure include measure and cost. Verbs of equal reciprocity include marry and resemble.

Realization of Complements

• Noun Phrase: Smoke means fire.
• Prepositional Phrase: This job calls for great initiative.
• Finite Clause: To draw on whatever resources it can.
• Non-finite Clause: I can't help thinking he must be crazy.

Realization of the Adjunct

• Prepositional Phrase:

The French War (1808-1814)

These events led to the popular rebellion, and on 2 May 1808, there was an uprising in Madrid against the French troops. This example was followed in many other places. Boards were created to lead the resistance, coordinated by a Board of Supreme Central, while patriotic groups organized into guerrillas to fight the French.

Las Cortes de Cadiz

The abdications in Bayonne left a power vacuum, because King Joseph I never gained acceptance from the Spanish people. So, in 1810, the Central Board convened a meeting of parliament in the city of Cadiz, the only territory not occupied by the French. The first decision by the Parliament was revolutionary: all present, whatever their origin, gathered in a single House and their...

Apartheid

A social system based on racial segregation imposed by the governments of South Africa. The white minority dominated, relegating the black majority, who could not occupy positions in government, vote, or access areas exclusively for whites. It was abolished in 1993.

Bolsheviks

Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks were those who defended the need to promote a social revolution in Russia.

COMECON

An economic cooperation organization formed around the USSR and the socialist countries, whose purpose was to increase trade relations between member states.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat (DOP)

A form of state posited by Marxism in which the working class is set as dominant and controlling over other social classes, especially the bourgeoisie. It is a transitional...

Franco's Dictatorship in Spain: 1939-1975

1. Franco's Dictatorship

Franco's Dictatorship lasted almost 40 years. Key features include:

• Franco consolidated all powers.
• The only legal party was FET de las JONS.
• Rights and freedoms were abolished.
• All manifestations of nationalism were rejected.

The Winners: The army, the Catholic Church, landowners, and big businessmen primarily benefited. The regime also received support from the middle class.

The Defeated: Repression was a key factor in the dictatorship's longevity. Republicans faced forced labor and execution. Only Castilian was permitted, and the Church censored publications. Many people went into exile to escape repression.

2. Post-War Years (1939-1945): Fascism and Misery

A Fascist-Oriented Government:

Tsarist Russia and the Path to Revolution

In Tsarist Russia, the Tsar held absolute power. The Duma, a parliament, existed but could be dissolved at the Tsar's will.

1905: Russo-Japanese War and Bloody Sunday

The Russian army suffered defeat against Japanese troops. On January 9th, a peaceful demonstration at the Tsar's Winter Palace was violently suppressed, resulting in Bloody Sunday. Workers organized into soviets (popular assemblies). The October Manifesto was signed but later violated by the Tsar.

World War I and the Fall of the Tsar

Russia entered World War I in 1914 unprepared, leading to numerous defeats. In 1917, widespread demonstrations and a general strike forced the Tsar to abdicate, leading to a provisional government.

The Bolshevik

The Scientific Revolution

During the Middle Ages, Christian thought saw the divine intervention in the world as total and, therefore, as the proximate cause of any phenomenon. For example, rain was explained by the will of God and not by the condensation of clouds. In exchange for humans, God had created the world, but could also establish cause and effect in which his intervention was unnecessary.

Concerns about finding explanations for the root causes of phenomena brought a renewed interest in understanding the place of Earth within the universe. Up to that time, a geocentric interpretation predominated, meaning that the Earth was considered to be motionless in the center of the universe and all the stars revolved around it. In 1543, the astronomer...

The Armed Peace and the Road to War

Germany, under Chancellor Bismarck, rose to prominence in international politics. Bismarck's system of alliances aimed to isolate France and maintain a balance of power in the Balkans. This era, known as the Armed Peace, saw the formation of two major military blocs:

• The Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
• The Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia

Clashes Between Colonial Powers

Colonial rivalries intensified, notably in the two Moroccan crises. Germany challenged France's attempts to establish a protectorate in Morocco, but British support secured France's position. In the Balkans, the decline of the Ottoman Empire fueled tensions as Austria-Hungary and Russia sought to expand their...

The Spanish War of Independence: The Events of Bayonne

The political situation in Spain in March 1808 was unprecedented. Ferdinand VII managed to dethrone his father, Charles IV, in the **Riot of Aranjuez**. Napoleon became the arbiter of the dispute at **Bayonne**. Attracted there, Charles IV and Ferdinand VII ceded the right to the Spanish crown to Napoleon, who subsequently gave it to his brother, **Joseph I**. Napoleon approved the **Statute of Bayonne** (or *Letter of Bayonne*) in 1808.

The Conduct of the War (1808-1814)

Napoleon, while at Bayonne, considered the Spanish problem solved. However, on **2 May**, the people of Madrid rebelled. The French authorities shot the prisoners the following day, provoking general indignation. Popular...

The Forms of Territorial Occupation and Its Influence on the Structure of Property

Models of Repopulation and Social Organization

The monarchs favored the repopulation of reconquered Christian territory with different systems:

• Concejil Repopulation: Used between the Duero and Tagus rivers and the Ebro valley. The territory was divided into municipalities consisting of a walled town and a municipal land (administrative district). Settlers received a house and land. The council collected the forum, which outlined the duties and rights of villagers.
• Military Orders: In the lands between the Tagus and the Sierra Morena, which were dangerous and sparsely populated, recruitment was entrusted to military orders. They received extensive lordships, called