Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teacher training

Essential Study Skills

Skills Highlighted by Dr. Wagner

• Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

• Collaboration and Influential Leadership

• Information Access and Analysis

• Effective Oral and Written Communication

• Agility and Adaptability

• Imagination and Curiosity

• Initiative and Entrepreneurialism

Understanding Arguments

Key Concepts

• Assumption:

  An unstated reason crucial to the conclusion's validity.

• Inconsistency:

  A contradiction within the reasoning.

Expertise and Sources

• Expertise:

  Experience, skills, and qualifications in a specific field.

• Primary Source:

  Original, unaltered source from the time of an event.

• Secondary Source:

  Uses or adapts information from primary sources.

Annotated Bibliography Criteria

• Citation
• Introduction and Source Type
• Aims and Research

Passive Voice Construction

The passive voice is formed with: Subject (patient) + to be (conjugated) + past participle + complement.

Example 1 (Active to Passive):

• Active: An old woman arrested the thief.
• Passive: The thief was arrested by an old woman.

Example 2 (Modal Passive):

• Active: They may have analyzed the results.
• Passive: The results may have been analyzed.

Passive Voice with Two Objects

When an active verb has two objects (direct and indirect), either can become the subject of the passive sentence.

Example: He sent me flowers.

• Passive (Direct Object as Subject): Flowers were sent to me.
• Passive (Indirect Object as Subject): I was sent flowers.

Passive Voice Verb Tense Transformations

Here's how common verb tenses transform into the passive voice:...

Essential Noun-Verb Transformations

• Operation - Operate
• Transplant - Transplant
• Suffering - Suffer
• Cure - Cure
• Prevention - Prevent
• Experiment - Experiment
• Cause - Cause
• Discovery - Discover
• Research - Research
• Treatment - Treat
• Development - Develop
• Clone - Clone

Common Suffixes for Word Formation

Suffixes: -ion, -ness, -ist, -ence, -ment

• -ist: Specialize → Specialist
• -ness: Sad → Sadness; Lonely → Loneliness
• -ment: Treat → Treatment; Enjoy → Enjoyment
• -ion: Depress → Depression; Connect → Connection
• -ence: Intelligent → Intelligence; Important → Importance

Essential Phrasal Verbs and Meanings

• Give up: Stop (deixar de)
• Go without: Not have (no tenir)
• Cut down on: Reduce (reduir)
• Call on: Visit (visitar)
• Take up: Start (començar)
• Turn off: Disconnect

Macrostructure and Microstructure in Writing

Macrostructure

• Theme: The topic of the paper, typically introduced at the beginning.
• Rheme: Found in the middle, providing a summary of each section of the paper.
• Thesis Statement: Located at the end, summarizing the main results.

Microstructure

Lexicon

• Vocabulary and Terminology: Use of formal or informal language (e.g., "provides," "expand"). Adjectives may be used logically or psychologically.
• Semantic Fields: Vocabulary specifically related to rhetoric.
• Formality: The text may also include terms that are less formal.
• Tenses: The use of the verb "to be" in topic sentences and thesis statements indicates that the statements can be regarded as universal truths. The combination of a formal register with more

Here are some common English words and phrases with their meanings:

• A bit - a little
• Blog - online diary
• Bye - goodbye
• Getting on - making progress
• Hanging out - spending time together
• Hey - hello

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds: (verbs ending in -ing) are often used after these verbs: admit, avoid, can’t stand, consider, don’t mind, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, mention, miss, practise, resist, risk, start, stop, suggest, try.

Infinitives: (to + verb) are often used after these verbs: afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose, dare, decide, expect, hope, intend, learn, manage, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want.

Relationships and Feelings

Here are some words related to relationships and feelings:

• Parents (mother and father)
• Argument (disagreement)

Autonomy Plan

The Autonomy Plan is an improvement strategy designed to enhance educational results and foster social cohesion. To implement this effectively, schools must identify their specific strengths and weaknesses through a collaborative analysis involving students, teachers, and staff.

Implementation Process

• Analysis: Evaluate current school performance.
• Agreement: Develop a formal plan and sign an agreement with the Department of Education (DoE).
• Strategy: Define clear goals, specific strategies, and actionable steps.
• Execution: Establish an annual plan followed by a comprehensive annual evaluation.

This project is authored by the school and approved by the DoE, which provides the necessary resources. Success relies on the active participation...

Present Perfect Simple

(+) S + have/has + past participle + C
(-) S + haven't/hasn't + past participle + C
(?) Has/have + S + past participle + C?

Uses

• Completed actions at an unspecified time in the past.
• Recently completed actions where the result is important now.
• Actions that began in the past and continue to the present.
• Periods of time still continuing (e.g., today, this week, this year).

Present Perfect Continuous

(+) S + have/has + been + verb-ing + C
(-) S + haven't/hasn't + been + verb-ing + C
(?) Have/has + S + been + verb-ing + C?

Uses

• Actions beginning in the past and continuing in the present.
• To provide emphasis.
• To focus on the action itself.

Present Perfect Time Expressions

For, since, just, already, yet, ever, never.

• Ever: Used in interrogative

The specialized language used in scientific and technical texts is considered a subcode of a natural language, primarily utilized for the transmission of knowledge. This subcode is characterized by its focus on the referential function and denotation, emphasizing clarity, precision, and conciseness.

To achieve universality of terms, standards bodies have established specific terminology. Furthermore, this specialized communication often incorporates non-linguistic signs.

Core Objectives and Communicative Elements

The main objective of scientific and technical texts is to report on the activity and progress within science and technology. The specific characteristics of this discourse are conditioned by several key elements:

• Communicative Goal: The

Types of Evaluation and Assessment Criteria

An initial classification can be established based on four primary characteristics:

1. Agent who conducts the assessment
2. Purpose of the evaluation
3. Purpose of the evaluation
4. Phase of the project that focuses its review

Key Evaluation Categories

The following terms represent the core components of project assessment: Agent evaluation, Purpose of the evaluation, Objective evaluation, Project Phase, External evaluation, Project evaluation, Participatory Evaluation, Ex-ante, Internal assessment, Program Evaluation, Formative Assessment, Process evaluation, Performance, Overall rating, Evaluation of average, Independent Evaluation, Meta-evaluation, Ex-post, and Joint assessment.

Classification that groups the types

What is Speaking Properly?

It means using the word we want to say with its true meaning. Someone who commits an impropriety links a signifier to a signified that is not theirs.

Segmental and Non-Segmental Phonemes

Segmental phonemes are elements. Are there elements in this system that are not segmental? Cite those you know.

Within the phonological level, in addition to the segmental elements, are suprasegmental features or prosodemes: accent and intonation. Intonation is necessary to utter a complete sentence and is necessary to emphasize a word. It is therefore not said as with the segmental phonemes.

What is Speaking Correctly?

Speaking involves dominating the three levels of language:

• Phonological level: Correctly pronounce all the sounds of the