Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teacher training

My Personal Linguistic Journey

I have explored four different languages throughout my life, including: Spanish, English, French, and Italian. However, I am not equally proficient in all those languages.

Native Fluency and Literacy

Regarding my linguistic skills, I can claim native fluency and literacy only in Spanish, which is my mother tongue. However, I am not equally proficient in all those languages: I can speak two languages besides Spanish with reasonable fluency and have great degrees of proficiency in another one.

Educational Background and Language Acquisition

I started learning my mother tongue at home. At the age of five, I started elementary school with my first approach to English. After five years, when I was eleven, I went to secondary...

1. Lexicology vs. Morphosyntax

Lexicology is the study of content words, or lexical items, focusing on the meanings and origins of words. Morphosyntax is the study of grammatical categories or linguistic units that possess both morphological and syntactic properties, encompassing the rules that govern these units.

2. Idioms: Definitions and Syntactic Types

An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its individual parts. There are two main syntactic types:

• Non-clausal idioms: e.g., pull someone's leg.
• Clausal idioms: e.g., he won't even lift a finger.

3. Dialectal and Stylistic Variations in Synonyms

Synonyms often exhibit variations independent of truth conditions, categorized as follows:

Dialectal Differences

Synonyms...

Ultimate Life Skills Checklist

Creative Skills

• Bake cupcakes
• Design a website
• Do magic tricks
• Edit photos
• Perform on stage
• Play in a band
• Ride a unicycle
• Speak in public
• Write a song
• Learn a foreign language
• Write computer code
• Make a video blog (vlog)

Practical Skills

• Learn first aid
• Learn to juggle

Personal Development Skills

Descriptive Words

• Boiling
• Delighted
• Disgusting
• Exhausted
• Fascinating
• Freezing
• Furious
• Gorgeous
• Horrific
• Huge
• Starving
• Terrifying
• Tiny
• Unforgettable

Relationship Phrases

• Ask out
• Look after
• Bring up
• Fall out with
• Make up with
• Meet up with
• Settle down with
• Get on with
• Go out with
• Hang

I am deeply concerned about the escalating issue of animal extinction. It is alarming that more and more species are facing this threat. Animals are among the most precious parts of our world, and we are tragically losing them. This situation demands our urgent attention.

Giraffes: Endangered by Deforestation & Poaching

The giraffe is one such animal in critical danger of extinction. A significant factor is the massive deforestation of its habitats by human activities. However, the primary cause remains illegal hunting. Hunters target giraffes because their meat is considered highly valuable and commands a high price. It's difficult to comprehend such actions; instead of harming animals, we must intensify efforts to protect them.

Elephants

To Whom it may concern:

My Name is Julito Maraña. I have a degree in Marketing from Uniovi in 2008.
I am Writing with regards to a job position as Head of I.T. That I saw in today´s Newspaper.
As You can see in my CV, I have driving license and a B2 in English and French. Also I have my own car.
My Personal skills include being fast learner and good at multitasking.
I don’t mind working shifts or at any time.
I´m Available at any time for a job interview.
I Thank you for your time and look forward to hearing from you.
Best Regards,
Julito

Work and Education Vocabulary

• Apply for a job - trobar feina
• Claim benefits - reclamar beneficis
• Do a course - fer un curs
• Do a degree - fer una carrera
• Do an assignment - fer una assignació
• Do business - muntar un negoci
• Do your homework - fer els deures
• Drop out - abandonar
• Get a job - aconseguir feina
• Get fired - ser acomiadat
• Get good - millorar / fer-se bo
• Bad grades - notes dolentes
• Get paid - rebre el pagament
• Get promoted - ser promogut
• Graduated from - graduat en...
• Leave school - deixar l'escola
• Pass an exam - aprovar un examen
• Pass with flying colors - aprovar amb matrícula d'honor
• Pass your driving test - aprovar l'examen de conduir
• Start a business - muntar un negoci
• Start a career - començar una carrera
• Start work - començar a treballar
• Teach yourself

Indefinite Pronouns and Usage

No- (nada/nadie/ningún sitio) vs. Any- (cualquier cosa/cualquier persona/cualquier sitio). Note: Anything, anyone, and anybody can also mean 'nada' or 'nadie' in negative contexts.

General Vocabulary and Concepts

• Everything/Everyone/Everybody: Third-person singular.
• The same as: Mismo/igual.
• Similar to: Parecido.
• Different: Diferente.

Common False Friends

• Carpet: Alfombra
• Folder: Carpeta
• Address: Dirección
• Direction: Indicación
• Factory: Fábrica
• Fabric: Tela
• Current: Actual
• Actual: Real
• Actually: De hecho

Existence and Manner

Existence (Hay/No hay)

• Singular: There is / There was
• Plural: There are / There were

Manner (Forma)

• This way, in a... way, in the way (the way in which), this is the way.

Verb Patterns

• Gerund (-ing): Used after

Main Linguistic Trends

The primary linguistic trends include Traditional Linguistics, Structuralism, Generativism, and Pragmatics.

• Traditional Linguistics: Studies the origins, roots, and characteristics of languages.
• Structuralism: Focuses on the form of language rather than communicative aspects.
• Generativism: Posits that language is creative; grammatical transformation rules govern the production of an infinite number of sentences.
• Pragmatics: Focuses on effective communication.

Linguistic Paradigms of the 20th Century

There are three main linguistic paradigms from the 20th century: Structuralism, Generativism, and Pragmatics.

Structuralism and Behaviorism

Behaviorism is rooted in the structuralist trend. Its main characteristics include children'...

Preschool and Early Childhood Education

There are no mandatory public preschool or pre-kindergarten programs in the United States. The federal government funds the Head Start preschool program for children of low-income families, but most families are responsible for finding their own preschool or childcare.

Elementary School Education

Elementary school, also known as grade school, typically covers kindergarten through sixth grade, where basic subjects are taught. Public elementary school teachers generally instruct between twenty and thirty students with diverse learning needs.

A typical classroom includes children with identified special needs, as listed in the Individuals with Disabilities Act, alongside those who are cognitively, athletically,...

The initial challenge for novice teachers is to acquire the basic classroom skills needed to present and navigate their lessons. Teaching from this perspective is an act of performance, and for a teacher to be able to carry herself through the lesson, she has to have a repertoire of techniques and routines at her fingertips. These include routines and procedure for such things as:

• Opening the lesson
• Introducing and explaining tasks
• Setting up learning arrangements
• Checking students’ understanding
• Guiding student practice
• Monitoring students’ language use
• Making transitions from one task to another
• Ending the lesson

What we normally mean by the term teacher training refers to instruction in basic classroom skills such as these, often linked to a...