Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for University

Orígenes de la música e hipótesis históricas

El origen de la música continúa siendo en gran parte desconocido. Aunque la etnología y la musicología aportan valiosos datos arqueológicos y teóricos, aún están lejos de alcanzar una respuesta concluyente.

Hipótesis de pensadores ilustres

• Charles Darwin: Relacionó el origen de la música con su teoría sobre la evolución de las especies. Analizó los sonidos emitidos por los animales y observó que expresaban diversos estados de ánimo. En las aves y otras especies, los machos emiten llamadas para que las hembras escojan al mejor cantor. Darwin consideró que el ser humano primitivo se comportaría de manera similar y que, a través de la evolución, tales llamadas habrían dado lugar

1. Hygiene and Skin Hygiene Measures

Hygiene and skin care: We carry out daily hygiene routines and apply protective agents against infectious skin changes due to temperature, sun exposure, and the appearance of scratches, rashes, irritations, etc. To instill good hygiene habits, wash hands before and after eating and after going to the bathroom, keep nails clean, and always keep them trimmed.

Eyes and hygiene measures: We clean the eyes several times a day, and each time it is necessary we use warm water and a gauze to remove any discharge. Avoid excessive light on the eyes, and avoid non-natural light in classrooms by using preferably natural sunlight, or prevent polluted environments and lack of atmospheric hygiene, with adequate control and...

Tourniquet Application for Severe Bleeding

* Tourniquet: Use a tourniquet only when the wound is bleeding heavily and no other method of stopping the bleeding is effective.

1 - Take a cord, belt, strap, scarf, or similar item and tie a band 6 to 8 cm above the wound.

2 - Place a stick or similar object over the band and twist it to tighten the band around the limb.

3 - Secure the stick in place or tie it so it stays tight. You may use a second band if needed.

4 - Note the time the tourniquet was applied. Make sure the bleeding has stopped and that no pulse can be felt below the tourniquet. Do not remove the tourniquet once it has been applied.

5 - Keep the stick in position and secure the tourniquet with a second strap or cloth.

6 - Point to a visible...

El Contrato de Trabajo: Concepto y Contenido

En el contrato de trabajo existen dos partes: el trabajador y el empleador (empresario), que puede ser persona o entidad.

Para la existencia de un contrato de trabajo deben concurrir necesariamente tres elementos:

1. Prestación de Servicio por Cuenta Ajena

Este elemento obliga al trabajador a prestar su servicio al empresario. Consiste en poner a disposición personal su actividad o trabajo, proporcionándole energía de manera continuada, con todas las cualidades de su propia especialidad. A esto se le llama la actividad, y no el resultado.

El trabajador se compromete a aportar su energía sin asumir ninguna responsabilidad por los resultados. Es el empresario quien, en uso de su poder de dirección,...

Early Experiences

Early experiences, given the principle of life from the moment of fertilization, are very crucial for the organism because they occur when it is still undifferentiated. They are in critical periods of development of the individual.

• Pre-associative acquisition responses: Phenomena are habitualization, awareness, pseudo-knowledge, and inhibition.

The Learned

Almost all human behavior is learned. Man is learning all his life. It is said that a behavior is learned as a result of practice or experience and appears in the repertoire of behaviors in a more or less stable manner.

Learning is the acquisition or modification of behavior as a result of experience. The most important part of learning theory is the theory of information processing....

Fundamental Concepts of Perception

Stimulus: Any form of energy to which we respond.

Sensation: What we feel in response to information that comes through sensory organs.

Perception: The way the brain organizes these feelings to make sense of the world.

Psychophysics

Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical dimensions of stimuli and our psychological perceptions of them.

Thresholds of Perception

• Absolute Threshold: The minimum intensity of a stimulus necessary for it to be perceived.
• Difference Threshold: The smallest intensity difference required to perceive a distinction between two stimuli.

The Human Visual System

The human eye perceives electromagnetic energy in the form of light waves. The most important and complex part...

The Concept of Relaxation and Decontraction

When discussing relaxation, one immediately thinks of the technique that leads to voluntary psychic and muscular rest, resulting in immobility. However, relaxation can also be part of the flow of a sequence of movements or provide a determined dramatic weight.

In the basic possibilities of working the muscle (contraction - relaxation), there are two types of "loosening":

• Relaxation-Relaxation: Letting gravity act without resistance.
• Controlled Decontraction or Distention: This involves two levels of work:
  • Passive Mechanism: Letting the muscle inertia act (elasticity of muscle tissue).
  • Active Consciousness: Controlling the relaxation.

Both types of relaxation can be an integral part of movement or a path...

Tma 3. Generalidades de la Osteología

Classification of Bones:

• Long bones: typical of the limb members. Their length reflects both the rapidity of movement and the potency of the movement, which characterizes their predominance over the others. They are large and support traction. Tubular in shape, with a first central cavity (medullary cavity), they widen at the articular extremities (epiphysis), which have centers of ossification and multiple frequencies.
• Short bones: they are characterized by having no predominant dimension over the others. They support compression forces, without the capacity to resist much tension. They tend to have a compact outer cortex and an inner zone entirely trabecular. Examples are found in the carpus and tarsus.

Clasificación por complejidad de forma: la mayoría de las articulaciones sinoviales tienen superficies (máxima y menor) y son articulaciones simples. En las primeras, una superficie convexa completa encaja con una superficie opuesta cóncava.

Grados de libertad: las articulaciones que se mueven en un solo eje tienen 1 grado de libertad de movimiento. Las que se mueven en dos ejes tienen 2 grados de libertad, y si son tres ejes tienen 3 grados de libertad.

• 1. Rotación en un eje: uniaxial, 1 grado de libertad.
• 2. Movimientos independientes alrededor de un eje: biaxial, 2.º grado de libertad.
• 3. Algunas articulaciones pueden tener 3.er grado de libertad.

Clasificación de las articulaciones sinoviales

1. Articulaciones planas: son la aposición de

Efectos y Ecuaciones en Generadores de Corriente Continua (CC)

Efecto producido en un generador de CC al cargar el primer efecto conectado:

Se analiza la tensión terminal $V_t$, y cómo la corriente de armadura $I_a$ se calcula mediante la fórmula $I_a = (V_t - E_a) / R_a$. Además, se considera la caída de tensión $U_a = K_n I_a$, donde $U_a < U_c$.

Problemas Resueltos y Cambio de Polos

Problema resuelto: Desplazamiento plano del neutro (disparo) y tensiones de inductancia. Se incluye el cambio de polos en un circuito de CC.

Curva de Excitación de Generador Independiente

Curva de excitación escalonada de un generador de excitación independiente:

El generador es excitado por la máquina, gira, se coloca el amperímetro (A) en el inductor...