Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Sport and physical education for University

Pharmacology in Pediatric Dentistry

Pain and anxiety control in pediatric dentistry

The vast majority of pediatric dental patients can receive dental treatment with conventional behavior management techniques and pain control. However, in some cases, controlling pain and anxiety requires going beyond conventional techniques. Pharmacological treatment is indicated for children who cannot receive traditional behavior management techniques, local anesthesia and conduction anesthesia.

Conscious Sedation

Definition: A minimally depressed level of consciousness that allows the patient to independently and continuously maintain a patent airway, respond appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal commands.

Levels of conscious sedation

• Light sedation

Problem Solving and Decision Making

Search for information: The first approach tends to test untested hypotheses such as the ADCU and many other possibilities.

Representativeness: The heuristic that determines whether one particular instance represents the first certain classes or categories.

Availability: The heuristic by which the probability of an event is determined by how easily it comes to mind.

Comparison: This is the tendency to value benefits or gains in relative terms rather than absolute ones. Framework: It tends to influence the presentation of results as negative or positive, making decisions that tend to risk adverse outcomes.

Adolescence: The period from approximately 12 to 20 years of age.

Physical Changes: Puberty

Puberty: The moment...

The gestural domain and psychomotor Ds determines the positions of leadership. The expcias of socialization and the expectations of society contributes to gender ?. Explanation and description of motor Ds T 2 perspectives: _ The motor q explains the achievements with a grounding psychological, neurological and environmental. _ The motor q Ds explained basing on the classical notions of the European motor: body schema, space-time perception, coordination, rhythm, etc.. 5.3.1. Basic or fundamental concept in the explanation of developing basic motor skills are considered those that: _ They are common to all individuals. _ Phylogenetically speaking have allowed the survival of human beings. _ They are the basis for subsequent learning abilities....

5. Nutritional Aspects

The effects of poor nutrition or malnutrition affect physical and motor development (Ds). In cases of malnutrition, the following must be considered:

• Time of occurrence.
• Severity of malnutrition (greater severity leads to worse physical Ds).
• Duration of this period (short periods allow for resilience).

Girls, due to their stable growth rate, better withstand the effects of malnutrition. Mainly, a deficit of protein and calcium in the maternal diet influences fetal development (Ds). Excess or deficit can have consequences beyond nutrition, such as rickets or obesity.

5.1. Malnutrition (MN)

Malnutrition can affect:

• The rate of growth.
• The final body size achieved.
• The composition of various tissues.
• The occurrence of certain maturation

Training Principles for Sports Performance

Basic training principles of sports activity

The general and special preparation principle

The principle of progressive and gradual load increment

The principle of wave-like load variations

The principle of continuity in the training process

The cyclic character principle of the training process

The principle of the level of direction of sports achievements towards higher levels

Superior achievements.

Among the most important measures for the gradual progression of load are:

• Increase in training frequency
• Increase in training volume
• Increase in training intensity

Regarding the wave-like load variation principle, there are three types:

Medium loads, lower loads, and high loads.

In the beginning of the training process,...

Pedagogical Dimensions and Human Identity

Education involves understanding human destiny and discovering the irreducible, personal complexity of one’s identity. It requires educating both the visible and the invisible dimensions of the human being.

Pedagogy of Hope, the Invisible, and Limits

• Pedagogy of the Invisible and Waiting: Focuses on personal discovery, internal depth, and patience, teaching individuals to recognize dimensions beyond immediate observation.
• Pedagogy of Hope: Teaches that human beings are not reduced solely to basic instinct, past experiences, or the present moment. Instead, individuals possess a free history oriented toward future values and possibilities.
• Pedagogy of Personal Effort and Renunciation: Encourages mastering

Phonetic Disorder: Problems, Aspects and Intervention

Potential phonetic disorder: aspects involved in the ability to fine-tune control. 1. Good attention and auditory discrimination. Two types: general character (sensory) and phonetic.

2. Good motor oral-facial skills, of the muscles of the face, tongue, etc.

3. Stimulation is never done in a direct form, but in an indirect and playful manner.

4. It is not good work against pronunciation of isolated sounds. Occlusive sounds need vocal support in the first pronunciation.

5. We must not correct students in front of their peers. We must recycle, repeat with the child what has to be corrected, giving feedback.

6. Motivation is key.

General Perception and Auditory Discrimination (Sensory)

Primary objective:

Physical Activity

Concept: The generally accepted definition of physical activity (physical activity) is from the Annual Review of Public Health 2005: "Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction that substantially increases energy expenditure." This definition is used by the public health field and may require certain precisions regarding physical exercise in specific situations.

a) Maintaining positions in immobility, or positions that do not increase energy expenditure such as yoga postures (asanas) or isometric contraction, are not considered physical activity under this definition, since they involve no displacement.

b) Exercises that do not produce skeletal muscle contraction but only stretching, such...

Renaissance (XV-XVI Centuries)

Renaissance: Vesalius performed dissections on cadavers and published De corporis fabrica libri septem. Pare, a French surgeon, advised stump massage and treated atrophied muscles and retractions. Mendez Cristobal wrote a book on therapeutic exercise. Subsequent publications highlighted the benefits of different types of exercise, including passive exercise for paralyzed patients. Savonarola wrote on balneotherapy in De Balneis et Thermis. Pietro Vergerio advocated physical education programs for young nobles, emphasizing mental and physical education, including hydrothermal therapy such as swimming. William Gilbert studied magnetism and electricity in De Magnete.

Ancient Greece

Greece: Ascetics emphasized the health...

Lateralidad: contexto y concepto en educación

La lateralidad está relacionada con la determinación de la lateralidad en diferentes manifestaciones de dificultades escolares y dificultades motrices.

• Neuromotriz y educable.
• Relacionada con la organización fundamental del esquema corporal.
• Una causa principal de numerosos problemas o dificultades.
• Responsable de la orientación espacial.

Dominio lateral

El predominio funcional de un lado del cuerpo sobre el otro es el proceso por el cual cada individuo domina o llega a utilizar más frecuentemente un lado del cuerpo que el otro (cuestión de dominancia).

El uso y la preferencia superior de una de las partes asimétricas del cuerpo se traduce en una asimetría funcional.

Tipos de lateralidad

Según la