Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Physical Activity and Training

Training is the set of practices aimed at regulating and improving performance over time.

Training Objectives

• Motivation
• Positive thinking

Sports Training

• Fitness training
• Technical and tactical training

Training Maintenance

Maintaining fitness or engaging in physical activity.

Fitness Training

Motor Skills

Allow individuals to perform movements with full efficiency.

Loading or Work

Training exercises are based on volume and intensity.

Recovery or Rest

There are two types: complete and incomplete, passive and active.

Fatigue

A state transition created in the body due to effort.

Performance

Act Selye

A stimulus in the body produces a stress reaction, generating a reaction that increases performance.

Schultz Law

Each person has an initial...

The Importance of Energy Balance

Proper nutrition and regular physical activity must be present and in balance in daily activities and everyday life. Its imbalance produces negative consequences for the organism. Obesity results from an input of energy through food that exceeds the energy expenditure through activity, stored as fat. Correct nutrition is based on a balanced diet. In a balanced diet, all types of nutrients must be present:

• Carbohydrates: Main energy providers.
• Proteins: Structural or hormonal functions, defense, etc.
• Fats or lipids: Energy input or storage in the body.
• Vitamins: Complex substances the body needs for the assimilation of nutrients.
• Minerals and water.

Understanding Energy Intake and Expenditure

Energy intake for the body...

Psychomotor Development: Knowledge and Expression

Psychomotor development is the primary source of knowledge and the expression of our understanding. According to Vayer, education must be comprehensive and rooted in lived psychomotor experiences.

Maturation and Motor Control

Development begins with involuntary responses, progressing through the maturation of nerve fibers and centers toward conscious, voluntary movements. This evolution follows specific patterns:

• Reflexive stage: Automatic, innate, and involuntary responses.
• Voluntary stage: Willful and deliberate motor acts.
• Habit formation: Automatic movements developed through mental representation.

Fundamental Laws of Motor Maturation

• Cephalocaudal Law: Control begins at the head and moves toward

Understanding Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disorder which causes a hardening and narrowing of the artery walls due to clusters of cholesterol, reducing or completely hindering the blood supply reaching the tissue that the artery serves. In the heart, this causes problems when it happens in the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in our body, but the most common are:

Commonly Affected Arteries

• Coronary arteries: These are the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Their involvement produces angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
• Carotid arteries: These are the main arteries carrying blood to the head. Their involvement can lead to the onset of stroke.
• Aorta artery: This is the largest artery in the body, and its

Orígenes de la música e hipótesis históricas

El origen de la música continúa siendo en gran parte desconocido. Aunque la etnología y la musicología aportan valiosos datos arqueológicos y teóricos, aún están lejos de alcanzar una respuesta concluyente.

Hipótesis de pensadores ilustres

• Charles Darwin: Relacionó el origen de la música con su teoría sobre la evolución de las especies. Analizó los sonidos emitidos por los animales y observó que expresaban diversos estados de ánimo. En las aves y otras especies, los machos emiten llamadas para que las hembras escojan al mejor cantor. Darwin consideró que el ser humano primitivo se comportaría de manera similar y que, a través de la evolución, tales llamadas habrían dado lugar

Human Body Systems and Movement

The Nervous System directs body functions by processing information and coordinating movement. The Locomotor System facilitates movement through the contraction of muscles acting on joints and bones. The Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems work together to convert food into energy and distribute oxygen throughout the body.

Foundations of Health

• Active Lifestyle: Regular physical activity improves overall well-being.
• Nutrition: Essential for maintaining good health.
• Rest: Necessary for the body to adapt and improve performance.
• Hygiene: An essential element for maintaining health.

Dietary Planning and Nutrition

A Dietary Plan requires understanding nutritional needs based on individual characteristics, calculating...

Defense Mechanisms (Barriers)

Non-Specific Barriers

Cognitive sense: NK cells are not specific and do not discriminate between agents, and they are not pathognomonic. Memory is not needed; they do not recognize antigens and do not get reinforced after the first infection.

The Skin

The skin is both the first barrier: mechanical and chemical. The chemical function of the barrier depends on two glands: sebaceous and sudoriferous. These two secretions give the skin a pH that is slightly acidic, which is very effective against germs. Against any external agent, for example Staphylococci, acne.

Mucosal Membranes

Mucous membranes are soft, highly vascular tissue covering any surface or internal cavity. The mucous secretion prevents the binding of bacteria....

Psychopedagogical Assessment and Its Effect on Educational Decisions

The psychopedagogical assessment, with a meaningful focus, evaluates the impact of general measures and attention to diversity, as well as the specific measures applied to each student. Its purpose is to support educational decision-making, adjusting the measures to the diversity of students and their needs.

Who Needs a Psychopedagogical Assessment?

Pupils or students at risk of exclusion, or those presenting special educational needs, require psychopedagogical intervention. The psychopedagogue coordinates all the information obtained and/or extracted from the agents involved (teaching staff, subject teachers, tutors). When general measures prove insufficient, a project is developed...

Motor Response

The locomotor apparatus is the system that carries out movement. It is composed of two elements: the skeleton (passive elements, bones) and the muscles (active elements).

Types of Skeletons

• Hydrostatic skeletons: fluid maintained under pressure, found in cnidarians and worms.
• Exoskeletons: made of chitin in arthropods, and shells in molluscs.
• Endoskeletons: found in sponges (spicules) and in vertebrates (bones).

Bone Tissue

Bones are formed by organic substances (ossein, which gives elasticity) and mineral substances (phosphate and calcium carbonate, which give resistance).

Classification of Bones

According to their shape, bones are classified as:

• Long bones: made of an epiphysis, a medullary cavity, a shaft, marrow, and a surrounding

The Role of Memory in Intellectual Development

Memory is an important factor in intellectual development, influencing thought processes and information processing. Vygotsky considered the relationship between thought and memory, stating that for a young child, "to think means to remember." Current studies focus on the theoretical and evolutionary aspects of storage, coding, and retrieval. These are important from an educational point of view as they allow us to understand different memory strategies in children's short-term memory.

Short-term memory allows us to retain data briefly. For example, a child may remember the mobile toy immediately after seeing it. However, if strategies are not used to retain the information, it will be forgotten....