Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Nervous System

The nervous system is responsible for receiving, interpreting and responding to internal and external stimuli. It transmits nerve impulses through specialized neurons that carry signals throughout the body.

Central Nervous System

• Encephalon: formed by the brain, which controls intelligence and memory.
• Cerebellum: regulates muscular activity and coordination.
• Medulla Oblongata: controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
• Spinal Cord: receives sensory information and transmits motor responses.

Peripheral Nervous System

• Cranial Nerves: conduct stimuli to and from the brain.
• Spinal Nerves: transmit responses to the body.
• Somatic Nervous System: voluntary and reflex actions.
• Autonomic Nervous System:
  • Sympathetic System: prepares

Endocrine and Nervous System Control

Introduction. The endocrine system and the nervous system work together to control the body. The nervous system receives information and sends messages to the body, and it acts differently depending on the type of action.

Endocrine system. Messages are chemical messengers that travel through the blood to reach their target. The response may be muscle contraction, secretion of substances, or changes in muscle activity.

Nervous system. Messages are electro-chemical signals carried by neurons. They travel through neurons, and the response is a stimulus that drives another neuron to cause muscle contraction or the secretion of substances.

Types of Glands

• Exocrine glands: Their products are not released into the blood.

1. Definition of Standard Costs

Standard costs are predetermined costs established under certain assumptions. They define the internal and external behavior, forecast both controllable and non-controllable parameters, and serve as an objective of action in management.

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Standard Costs Compared to Historical Costs

Standard cost systems are based on standard costs rather than historical costs. Their advantages are:

• They are a key reference instrument for management.
• Variances allow the principle of management by exception to be applied.
• They facilitate a priori assessment of inventories.
• They provide a means to the initial determination of prices and the formulation of policies.
• They require a precise definition of responsibilities

Cardiovascular and Vascular Pathologies: Nursing Care

Shock

Definition and Etiology: Shock is a critical condition characterized by cellular hypoxia and energy failure due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. It can appear acutely or insidiously. The body attempts to survive through homeostatic mechanisms to restore tissue perfusion. Etiologies include hypovolemia, cardiogenic pump failure, and maldistribution (neurogenic, spinal, and septic). Alterations in cellular oxygen uptake also occur, particularly in septic shock.

Stages of Shock

• 1. Level 1 (Mild/Compensated): Cellular changes detected clinically as normal blood pressure (BP) within normal limits, normal heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), skin tone, and preserved consciousness.