Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Nutrients

Nutrients are small organic and inorganic molecules that make up food. They provide energy and are the building material our cells need to maintain their functions.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide immediate energy to the cell and are involved in the production of metabolic reactions. They form part of plasma membranes.

Sources: sugar, pasta, bread, rice.

Lipids

Lipids provide energy to cells and are stored as reserve energy, making them a complementary source to carbohydrates. They form part of the plasma membrane (phospholipids) and regulate reproductive functions (sexual hormones).

Sources: animal fats, vegetable oils, margarine, peanuts, nuts.

Proteins

Proteins form part of cells. They catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and are involved...

Quinometrica Assessment Instruments

Observation and Evaluation of Motor Patterns (McClenagham and Gallahue)

Catching a Ball

• Initial Stage:
  • The thumbs remain facing each other.
  • The hands attempt to catch the ball with a simultaneous but poorly coordinated grasp.
  • The palms are turned up.
  • The fingers are stretched and strained.
  • Hands are not effectively used to intercept the ball.
  • Arms remain relaxed at the sides or outstretched in front of the body.
  • Gives up arm movement upon contact to absorb the force of the ball.
• Intermediate Stage:
  • The hands take the ball with a simultaneous and well-coordinated catch.
  • The fingers make more effective pressure.
  • The hands are facing each other with thumbs up.
  • The arms are adapted to the path of the ball.
  • The elbows are kept

Motor Development Theories and Trends

David L. Gallahue's Motor Development Theory

This section refers to considerations of David L. Gallahue's theoretical model of motor development. It emphasizes the use of motor phases within a developmental sequence, suggesting that humans progress from simple to complex and from general to specific motor skills. Each individual must successfully pass through each phase to be eligible for more complex motor skills. Human actions can be observed at different stages across various tasks. Factors influencing this progression include physical fitness and motor control involved in motor execution.

Current Trends in Motor Ability Studies

Current trends in the study of motor ability are varied, comprehensive, and...

Graphic Specific Assessment: Evaluating Writing Errors

The evaluation focuses on the type and frequency of graphic errors, including issues with inclinations, lines, connections, and dimensions.

Formal Evaluation (Ev. Formal)

• TALE (Test of Initial Reading and Writing Attitude): Administered individually during the first primary courses.
• AJURIAGUERRA Graphomotor Test: Administered individually (starting from 7 years old) and collectively. Assesses values such as awkwardness, shape, and proportions.

Informal Evaluation (Ev. Informal)

Assess writing through dictation or spontaneous writing. Assessment must go beyond mere observation by categorizing and quantifying the type and frequency of errors.

Evaluation of Minor Graphic Features

• Posture Chart: Note

Phonological Development

Phoneme: Sounds can constitute and change the meaning of a word. Phonological: System of significant sounds of a language.

Developmental Stages

• Pre-linguistic Phase:
  • 16 weeks: Cooing, inconsequential sounds, laughter, crying.
  • 16–30 weeks: Vocal play.
  • 6 months: Pre-reduplicated babbling.
  • 10–14 months: Babbling without reduplication or echolalia.
  • Over 14 months: Transmission of single words. Slow progression.
• Linguistic Phase: Progressive accommodation of the articulatory system of language.

Articulatory Strategies

Children select strategies based on what they already know:

• A. Avoidance: Avoiding pronouncing difficult syllables in certain words.
• B. Exploitation: Children rely on articulatory sounds they already control, repeatedly

Factors Influencing Motor Task Complexity

The number of elements to be remembered for making a decision depends on memory. Having a motor task for its proper performance will influence the level of complexity of decision-making posed by the development of the task itself. In tasks where resources are limited, the complexity of decision-making is lower than in those requiring the consideration of many facts. Each task consists of two phases:

• Learning Phase: The individual is learning the task.
• Execution Phase: The individual knows how to execute the task.

On a cognitive level, the primary challenges involve the memorization of the model to reproduce and the subsequent formation of a mindset.

Movement Structure and Organization

The organization of...

Introduction

In an appointment, Miguel Pérez, professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela, stated: "The amazing ability of babies and humans to acquire language astonished us, and we consider it a magic process." Language is the first complex human oral language, with two functions that ensure basic communication and representation.

Language serves various communication and representation purposes: artistic, audiovisual and bodily language. Oral language serves to interact with the outside world and, to a lesser extent, the inner world, making possible the representation and expression of thoughts, feelings and experiences, and interactions with others.

The primary objective of language is to communicate. As established in Decree 1630/

Organizing Spaces and Time in Early Childhood Education

Time and space organization are very important in early childhood education. The ambient, the time, and the space facilitate learning and development. Children's behaviors are influenced by the environment, and well-designed spaces help children explore, interact, and build their own structure of knowledge.

Spatial Organization and Distribution

The architectural facilities (buildings and classrooms) must consider the child's physical and psychological needs. Spaces should be adapted to the ages and needs of the children who will use them, and the global environment should support the child's development in a way that responds to each child.

1. Physiological Needs

Hygiene criteria:

• 0-1 years:

Muscle Tone and Postural Motor Activity

Muscle tone: State of partial tension or muscle contraction that constitutes the background of postural and motor activity, in both its transitive and expressive aspects. Tone variations translate emotional and affective states.

Types of Muscle Tone

• Resting tone (basal).
• Postural (attitudinal) tone.
• Action tone.

Postural (anatomical) tone

Refers to the location and position of the different animated body parts and the muscles of the skeleton, responsible for the action opposing the result of gravity, whose translation in the form of balance we perceive in relation to spatial references.

Attitude

Following Castañer and Camerino, the significance is, in a broad or narrow consensus, visible tonic manifestations...

Food Intake and Nutrition

Food intake: An involuntary act consisting of ingesting food, either liquid or solid, raw or cooked.

Nutrition: A set of processes independent of the will through which the body takes in food, digests it, absorbs the nutrients it contains, and transforms them through metabolism.

Balanced diet: A diet that includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and at least 2 liters of water per day.

Genetically Modified Foods

GM foods: Foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering techniques, which are part of biotechnology, consist of introducing into an organism specific genes from another organism by appropriate means.

Additives and Food Production

Additives: Artificial or natural substances...