Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Vocational training

Postal and Document Terms

• Cheque (cheque)
• Customer Complaint (reclamación del cliente)
• Job Application (solicitud de empleo)
• Request for Information (solicitud de información)
• Receipt (recibo)
• Bank Statement (extracto bancario)
• Contract (contrato)
• Directory (guía telefónica)
• Product Manual (manual de instrucciones)
• Documented (registrado)
• Postage (sello)
• Domestic (nacional)
• Reached Its Destination (llegó a su destino)
• Recipient (destinatario)
• Signed (firmado)
• Stamped (sellado)
• Weighs (pesar)
• Weight (peso)
• Enclosures (anexo)
• Mail Log (registro de correos electrónico)
• Postcode (CP)
• Registered Mail (justificante de recepción)
• International (internacional)
• Sort (clasificar)
• Sender (remitente)
• Collect (recoger)

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Quantifiers and Question Tags Rules

Quantifiers (Context)

• Some: Used in positive statements.
• Any: Used in negative statements or questions.
• Something / Someone / Somewhere: Used in positive contexts.
• Anything / Anyone / Anywhere: Used in negative contexts.

Question Tag Examples

• He likes [it], doesn’t he? (Positive statement, negative tag)
• [She] ran [fast], didn’t she? (Past simple example)
• [They] have been [working], haven't they? (Correcting polarity for 'Have been...')
• I’m [tired], aren't I? (Special case for 'I am')
• Imperative: [Close the door], will you?

Common English False Friends (Falsos Amigos)

This section highlights common words that sound similar in English and Spanish but have different meanings.

• Actually (De hecho) / Actualmente (Nowadays)

Steering and Maneuvering Commands

• What is your heading? (¿Cuál es su rumbo?)
• My heading is... degrees. (Mi rumbo es de... grados.)
• Port/starboard 10º: Hold 10º of port/starboard rudder. (A babor/estribor 10º, meter el timón 10º a estribor/babor y mantenerlo así.)
• Hard-a-port/starboard: Avoid allowing the vessel's head to go to port/starboard. (Todo a babor/estribor, meter el timón a babor/estribor y mantenerlo así.)
• Ease to five/ten/fifteen: Reduce amount of rudder to 5º/10º/15º/20º and hold. (Levante hasta cinco, diez, quince; reducir el ángulo del timón y mantenerlo así.)
• Report if she does not answer the wheel. (Avise si el buque no obedece el timón.)
• Steady on one eight two. (Derecho al uno ocho dos.)

Engine Room Commands

• (Port/

English Grammar: Verb Tenses

Present Simple: Habits and Routines

• Used to express habitual actions or permanent situations.
• Verb + -s (for third person singular).

Present Continuous: Ongoing or Temporary Actions

• Indicates actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• To be + verb + -ing.

Past Simple: Completed Past Actions

• Verb + -ed or irregular verb (V2).
• Used with did...? and didn't.
• Describes finished actions.
• Common time expressions: last..., a month ago, yesterday, when, once, in 2011.
• Example: She died in 1916.

Past Continuous: Actions in Progress in the Past

• Describes actions in progress at a specific time in the past.
• Was/Were + verb + -ing.
• Indicates unfinished actions.
• Common time expressions: while, as, yesterday at 9 AM.
• Example: The phone rang when

About Myself

(Sent by Andrés Eloy, a student from Caracas, Venezuela)

Hi, I'm a student. My name is Andrés. I like studying a lot, but I don't like studying mathematics because it's so hard or difficult. My friends say that I'm boring, but nobody can change that; this is my way.

My hobby is playing baseball. I love playing it because it's very interesting. Since I was a child, I have watched that sport on TV. I love it.

I'm a good person, I guess. Thanks for everything. Bye.

Sobre mí

(Enviado por Andrés Eloy, estudiante de Caracas, Venezuela)

Hola, soy un estudiante. Me llamo Andrés. Me gusta estudiar mucho, pero no me gusta estudiar matemáticas porque es difícil. Mis amigos dicen que soy aburrido, pero nadie puede cambiar eso; esta es mi manera....

Finding Joy in Your Work

Happiness at Work

If you want to be happy at work, remember that all problems can be solved.

Another way to be happy is to enrich your work environment with photos and flowers.

Working Conditions

Builders have worse working conditions than bankers.

Job Satisfaction

I love developing new products. It's the most fascinating job in the company.

Information technology specialists are slightly happier than real estate agents.

Legal Profession

I am a lawyer specializing in real estate law. My work is always interesting.

I handle all the legal work related to the sale of buildings and land.

I work 60 hours a week and sometimes get very stressed, but I'm happy most of the time.

Fitness Industry

I am a personal trainer. I love this job because

English Grammar and Translation Exercises

• Este trabajo no está tan bien pagado como ese: This job isn't as well paid as that one.
• Él no entregó tantos mensajes como ella: He didn't deliver as many messages as her.
• Ella ha estado en Roma, pero no ha estado en Fez: She has been to Rome, but she hasn't been to Fez.
• Ella tiene el triple de reuniones que él: She has three times as many meetings as him.
• Ser enfermera es más gratificante que ser carnicero: Being a nurse is more rewarding than being a butcher.
• El trabajo de Annie es más complicado que el suyo: Annie's job is more complicated than hers.
• Trabajar en el departamento de ventas es más aburrido que trabajar en el departamento de I+D: Working in the sales department is more boring than working

Vocabulario de inglés para la oficina

Answer incoming calls: contestar llamadas entrantes
Data entry: entrada de datos
Deliver the message: entregar un mensaje
Distribute the incoming mail: distribuir o repartir el correo que llega
File documents: archivar documentos
Keep a log: mantener un registro
Keep track of: hacer un seguimiento
Order supplies: pedir suministros
Prepare a presentation: preparar una presentación
Receive visitors: recibir las visitas
Schedule a meeting: programar una reunión
Screen a call: filtrar (monitorear) una llamada
Search the internet: buscar en internet
Send a fax: enviar un fax
Send e-mails: enviar emails
Show someone around: enseñar a alguien el lugar
Spreadsheets: hojas de cálculo
Take a message: coger un mensaje
Take minutes:

Temas de Redacción y Práctica de Escritura en Español

Esta lista reúne temas para practicar la redacción en español, organizados por tipo de texto: ensayos, cartas formales e informales, reseñas y vocabulario temático.

Ensayos de Opinión

• 101 - El ser humano y la contaminación
• 102 - El gobierno y la energía alternativa
• 103 - La dependencia del ordenador en los niños
• 104 - El dinero, el fútbol y las profesiones
• 105 - Los anuncios que incitan al consumo
• 106 - La contaminación y cómo reducirla
• 107 - Trabajar bajo presión
• 108 - La globalización
• 109 - Estudiar en el extranjero
• 110 - Trabajar desde casa
• 111 - La emigración hacia países ricos y sus mejores oportunidades
• 112 - Las multinacionales: ventajas y desventajas
• 113 - Padres que desatienden

Passive Voice Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: examines — is examined
• Present Continuous: is examining — is being examined
• Past Simple: examined — was examined
• Past Continuous: was examining — was being examined
• Present Perfect Simple: has examined — has been examined
• Past Perfect Simple: had examined — had been examined
• Future Simple: will examine — will be examined
• Modals: should examine — should be examined
• Modal Perfect: must have examined — must have been examined
• Have to: has/have to examine — has to be examined
• Going to: is going to examine — is going to be examined

Health and Fitness Vocabulary

• Disease: enfermedad
• Kick in: empezar a hacer efecto
• Catch a cold: resfriarse
• Endurance: resistencia
• Last: durar
• Get fit: ponerse en forma
• Mood: