Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Vocational training

English Conditionals

• Zero Conditional (General Truths): If + present simple, present simple. Example: If you heat water, it boils.
• First Conditional (Future Consequences): If + present simple, future simple. Example: If you study, you will pass.
• Second Conditional (Hypothetical): If + past simple, would + infinitive. Example: If I were rich, I would not work.
• Third Conditional (Past Regrets): If + past perfect, would have + past participle. Example: If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

Conditional Practice Exercises

• If Liam doesn't shave off his beard, Sharon won’t go out with him.
• Would you take me with you if you went to the beach?
• If Kelly had invited me to the party, I would have gone.
• The man will hurt himself if he jumps from

Vocabulary: Business Negotiations

• Bargain: Trato o acuerdo (beneficio unilateral).
• Consensus: Consenso.
• Deadlock: Punto muerto.
• Leverage: Influencia.
• Proposal: Propuesta.
• Agreement: Acuerdo (beneficio mutuo).
• Offer: Oferta.
• Refuse: Rechazar.
• Recapitulate: Recapitular.

Common Business Phrases

• Next order
• Consider a discount
• I would like to speak with
• Put somebody through
• I'm afraid that
• Send a budget
• Get an order
• Discontinued product
• Spare units
• Give an extra

English Grammar: Conditionals

Zero Conditional

If + Present Simple, Present Simple. Used for general truths or scientific facts. Example: If you heat ice, it melts.

First Conditional

If + Present Simple, Future Simple. Used for possible future situations. Example: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.

Second

English Simple Present Tense Conjugation

Learn how to form positive, negative, and interrogative sentences in the simple present tense.

Technical English: Water & Electronics Terminology

Understand common verbs and prepositions used in technical contexts, especially for water and electrical systems.

Spanish for Travel and Business

Common Travel Phrases

Me voy a Los Ángeles el lunes = I'm going to Los Angeles on Monday.

¿Vas a París por negocios? = Are you going to Paris on business?

Vuelvo a Londres en tren = I'm coming back to London by train.

Llego a Madrid justo después de medianoche = I'm arriving in Madrid just after midnight.

Business Interactions

¿Cuándo te reúnes con los trabajadores? = When are you meeting with the workers?

El nuevo ayudante llega a la oficina el martes y se queda dos semanas = The new assistant is arriving at the office on Tuesday and is staying for two weeks.

Llegaremos a Londres a mediados de mes = We are arriving in London in the middle of the month.

Él viajó a Londres el 22 de marzo = He traveled to London...

Product and Brand Attributes

• Price: Precio
• Reliability: Fiabilidad
• Not tested on animals: No probado con animales
• Smells nice: Huele bien
• Does what it promises: Cumple promesas
• Feels nice: Tacto agradable
• Brand name: Marca
• Natural: Natural
• Scientifically proven result: Resultados científicamente probados
• Keeps a long time: Dura mucho
• Doesn’t cause allergies: No causa alergias

Workplace Environment and Benefits

• Atmosphere: Ambiente
• Factor: Factor
• Flexibility: Flexibilidad
• Responsibility: Responsabilidad
• Support: Apoyo
• Training: Formación
• Bonus: Bono
• Overtime: Horas extras
• Promotion: Ascenso
• Workforce: Mano de obra

Professional Qualities and Actions

• Challenging: Desafiante
• Essential: Esencial
• Financial: Financiero
• Flexible: Flexible
• Relaxed: Relajado
• Make suggestions:

Professional Roles and Business Terms

• Accountant: Contador
• Analyst: Analista
• Assistant: Asistente
• Consultant: Consultor
• Manager: Gerente
• Founder: Fundador (who starts a company)
• Partner: Socio (owner of a business)
• Set up: Establecer (start a company)

Industry and Technical Vocabulary

• Team: Equipo (group of people)
• Accounts: Cuentas
• Technical job: Técnico
• Engineering: Ingeniero
• Art: Artista
• Run a business: Ejecutor (responsible for)
• Banking: Banco
• Music: Músico
• Economics: Economía

Digital and Data Terminology

• Data: Datos (collect/analyze)
• Website: Sitio web
• Records: Archivo (keep/check)
• Click: Clic de ratón
• Details: Detalles (check/amend)
• Screen: Pantalla
• Information: Información (file/update)
• Research: Investigación (conduct/do)
• Online shopping: Compras online
• Keyword:

Directions and Movement

• Go straight on: Sigue recto
• Turn back / Go back: Volver
• Turn left/right: Gira a la izquierda/derecha
• Go along: Ve a lo largo de
• Cross: Cruzar
• Take the first: Coge la primera
• It's on the left: Está a la izquierda
• Opposite: Enfrente (cara a cara)
• Near: Cerca
• Next to: Al lado de
• Between: Entre
• At the end (of): Al final de
• At the corner: En la esquina
• Behind: Detrás
• In front of: Delante
• Around the corner: Girando la esquina
• Traffic lights: Semáforo
• Crossroads: Cruce
• Signpost: Señal

Prepositions of Place and Movement

• On: Encima (tocando la superficie)
• In: Dentro de, en (refiriéndose a un lugar)
• Into: Dentro (acompañado de go)
• Through: A través de / atravesar (espacio cerrado)
• Across: Al otro lado de, en frente
• Along: A lo largo de
• To: A, hacia
• Up

English Irregular Verbs and Conjugation

• Beat-beat-beaten: Golpear.
• Become-became-become: Convertir.
• Begin-began-begun: Empezar.
• Bring-brought-brought: Llevar.
• Build-built-built: Construir.
• Buy-bought-bought: Comprar.
• Catch-caught-caught: Coger.
• Choose-chose-chosen: Elegir.
• Draw-drew-drawn: Dibujar.
• Dream-dreamed/dreamt: Soñar.
• Drive-drove-driven: Conducir.
• Fall-fell-fallen: Caer.
• Feed-fed-fed: Alimentar.
• Find-found-found: Encontrar.
• Fly-flew-flown: Volar.
• Forget-forgot-forgotten: Olvidar.
• Forgive-forgave-forgiven: Perdonar.
• Get-got-got: Conseguir.
• Grow-grew-grown: Crecer.
• Hear-heard-heard: Escuchar.
• Hit-hit-hit: Golpear.
• Keep-kept-kept: Seguir/Mantener.
• Know-knew-known: Saber.
• Learn-learned/learnt: Aprender.
• Leave-left-left: Marcharse.
• Lend-lent-lent: Prestar.
• Lose-

Passive Voice: Structure and Usage

The passive voice is formed using be + past participle. It is used to emphasize the action rather than the person performing it.

Passive Voice Tense Transformations

• Present Continuous: is/are taking → is being taken
• Present Perfect: has/have taken → has/have been taken
• Past Simple: took → was/were taken
• Past Perfect: had taken → had been taken
• Future Simple: will take → will be taken
• Future (Going to): is/are going to take → is/are going to be taken
• Modals: can/must/should take → can/must/should be taken

Note: Intransitive verbs (such as die, sleep, or swim) do not have a passive form because they do not take an object.

Modal Verbs and Their Functions

Modal verbs generally have the same form for all persons,...

Body Parts

English / Español

MOUTH / BOCA

CALF / PANTORRILLA

WRIST / MUÑECA

HEEL / TALÓN

NECK / CUELLO

TONGUE / LENGUA

HIP / CADERA

CHEEK / MEJILLA

CHEST / PECHO

ELBOW / CODO

WAIST / CINTURA

NAVEL / OMBLIGO

Medical Conditions

English / Español

COUGH / TOS

HEADACHE / DOLOR DE CABEZA

STRIP / TIRITA

WOUND / HERIDA

SWOLLEN ANKLE / TOBILLO HINCHADO

RASH / ERUPCIÓN

SORE THROAT / GARGANTA IRRITADA

TOOTHACHE / DOLOR DE MUELAS

BACKACHE / DOLOR DE ESPALDA

Phrases

English / Español

THERE IS A WATER TRAY NEXT TO THE SAND TRAY / HAY UNA BANDEJA DE AGUA AL LADO DE LA BANDEJA DE ARENA

THERE ARE SOME TOYS ON THE TABLE / HAY ALGUNOS JUGUETES EN LA MESA

SHE IS GOING TO LOSE HER MIND / ELLA VA A PERDER LA CABEZA

QUITE SURPRISED / BASTANTE SORPRENDIDA

POINT OF VIEW / PUNTO DE VISTA

ACHIEVE...