Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Secondary education

Relative Pronouns

who, which, when, that (no comma / defining relative), where, whom, whose, why, what (the things that — what she needs)

Reported Speech: Tense Changes

He said that:

• Present Simple: "he takes" → reported: he said he took.
• Past Simple: "he took" → reported: he said he had taken.
• Present Continuous: "he is taking" → reported: he said he was taking.
• Past Continuous: "he was taking" → reported: he said he had been taking.
• Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous: "he has taken" / "he has been taking" → reported: he said he had taken / had been taking.
• Past Perfect: "he had taken" → reported: no change (remains had taken).
• Future with will: "he will take" → reported: he said he would take.

Questions

Yes/No questions: Ana...

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: Our bus leaves at 5 o'clock.
• Future Perfect: We'll have walked miles by the time we finish.
• Future Simple: I think that robot will win the championship.
• Future Continuous: I hope that I'll be designing F1 cars in 10 years' time.
• Present Continuous: We're all meeting for lunch at 1 o'clock.
• To be going to: I'm going to enter that competition.

The Evolution of the Book

The evolution of the book began approximately in 3000 BC, when clay tablets were engraved with words. One of the oldest surviving literary fragments from this period is The Epic of Gilgamesh, a long poem about a mythical king. Only incomplete verses from the era survive on 12 clay tablets. These were discovered in 1853 in the ancient Assyrian city of...

 2 ES la aaab RUTINAS; I get up at 6:50 am I make myself a cup of tea and I iron The rop I shower and dress. I usually wear pants, a t-shirt and sports shoes Then I enlist my tools to go to school in the afternoonRUTINA POR LA TARDE; Lunch at 11 a.M. I brush my teeth. Then I take the bus At 11:40. It takes about 50 minutes to arrive at my destination. I arrive at my School and immediately go to class.RUTINAS NOCHE at night I leave my school I go to the stop I have to wait for five To 10 minutes until the busy comes after I pick it up and I go home when I get Home first I eat I brush my teeth and at nine I start doing my homework QUIEN ES EL who is he cual ES EL:which is the QUE ES :what is it CUANDO FUE :when It was DONDE FUE :where wasCUANTO:

English Grammar Essentials

Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: He, she, it + s. (e.g., "I don't play...", "Do you play...?")
• Present Continuous: I am playing / You aren't playing / Is he playing?
• Past Simple: Uses "didn't" and -ed or 2nd column irregular verbs.
• Past Continuous: I was eating / We weren't eating.
• Present Perfect: I have/has + 3rd column or -ed. (e.g., "She has walked", "Have you walked?")
• Future Forms: "Will" (will/won't) and "Going to" (e.g., "I'm going to eat", "She is going to eat", "Am I going to eat?")

Adverbs and Quantifiers

• Yet: Used for "todavía" or "ya", always at the end of the sentence.
• Already: Used for "ya" (always in affirmative sentences).
• Ever: Used for "alguna vez".
• How much / Much: Used for uncountable nouns.
• How many / Many: Used

It is true that in the future we will have contamination in our water. But, on the other hand, we will be able to filter the water, so it is not all bad.

We can agree that in the future, we will not have clean air because humans pollute the air.

It is very important to keep in mind that the Earth will change a lot. For example, instead of having glaciers, we will have more water in the ocean, and therefore, many animals and plants will die.

In my opinion, children will learn from our mistakes.

In fact, children will have many things because there will be less pollution.

In the future, children will not only be unable to play outside, but they will also not use paper in schools because there will be no forests.

In other words, in the future, our world...

English–Spanish Vocabulary

• Earn: ganar
• Write his: escribir su
• An application form: un formulario de solicitud
• An advert: un anuncio
• Vacancy: vacantes
• Started work: trabajo iniciado
• A part-time job: un trabajo a tiempo parcial
• Filled: lleno
• Application form: formulario de aplicaciones
• Offered: ofrecido
• A job: un trabajo
• Successful: exitoso
• Worried: preocupado
• Businessman: empresario
• About: acerca de
• Someone: alguien
• Remembering: recordando
• First: primero
• Looking: mirando
• Start: comienzo
• Would like: gustaría
• Expect: esperar
• Don't mind: no importa
• Spend time: pasar el tiempo
• Want: querer
• Learn: aprender
• Need: necesidad
• Doing: obra
• Thinks: pensar
• Abroad: en el extranjero

Common Objects and Question Words

• Paper aeroplane: avión de papel
• Place again: lugar de nuevo
• Same: mismo
• Sense

1. Career Roles and General Vocabulary

Job Titles and Professional Roles

Chief Accountant

Computer Programmer

Customer Service Clerk

(Atención al cliente)

Financial Director

Head of IT

Head of Research and Development

Human Resources Director

(Director de RR. HH.)

Junior Administrative Assistant

Laboratory Technician

Managing Director

Sales Representative

(Representante de ventas)

Miscellaneous Terms and Verbs

Vote

(Votar)

Sweetener

(Edulcorante)

Teaspoon

(Cucharilla)

Greet

(Saludar)

Offer

(Ofrecer)

Show

(Enseñar)

Take

(Coger)

Appointment

(Cita)

Career

(Carrera)

2. Office Locations and Directions

Building Areas and Locations

Car Park

(Aparcamiento)

Conference Room

Ground Floor

Lift

(Ascensor)

Lobby

(Vestíbulo)

Maintenance Department

(Mantenimiento)

Stairs

(Escalera)

Stockroom

(Almacén)

Relative Pronouns and Sentence Structure

Study the following relative pronouns: when, which, whose, where, and who.

Relative Clause Examples

• My friend David, who...
• The restaurant where...
• Jacky, whose...
• Cathy, who...
• I will never forget when...
• Our office, which...
• I am crazy about which...
• I thank the person who...

Matching Exercises

• I met my friend (C).
• We stayed in the village (B).
• The police (A).
• He lost (F).
• The polar bear (D).
• Summer (E).

Travel Vocabulary and Definitions

Common Travel Terms

Circle the correct response: in a group, popular, the language, on the plane, hotel, GPS, London, leave your country, airport.

Matching Column A and B

• A2: Package holiday
• B1: Landmark
• C7, D5, E3, F4, G6, H8

Vocabulary Completion

Complete the exercise using the terms below:...

Implementación de un Applet en Java

A continuación, se presenta el código fuente para crear un Applet en Java que dibuja una estructura en forma de cruz y anima cuatro círculos de distintos colores moviéndose a través de ella.

Código Fuente del Applet

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;

public class Cruz extends Applet {

    int xa = 305, ya = 20, bh_a = 2;
    int xr = 355, yr = 20, bh_r = 2;
    int xv = 305, yv = 440, bh_v = 3;
    int xn = 355, yn = 440, bh_n = 3;

    public void init() {
        setSize(800, 600);
    }

    public void paint(Graphics g) {
        // Dibujo de la estructura de la cruz
        g.drawLine(300, 20, 400, 20);
        g.drawLine(300, 20, 300, 200);
        g.drawLine(