Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Secondary education

Essential English Vocabulary for Business and Shopping

Marketing and Strategy Terminology

• ADVERTISING AGENCY: agencia publicitaria
• MAKE: marca
• ATTRACT: atraer
• PRICE RANGE: gama de precios
• AWARENESS: conocimiento
• PRODUCT: producto
• BUDGET: presupuesto
• PURCHASE: comprar, adquirir
• CONVEY A MESSAGE: transmitir mensaje
• SHOP DISPLAY: escaparate
• FLYER: folleto
• STRATEGY: estrategia
• FREE SAMPLE: muestra gratuita
• TEMPT: tentar
• GOODS: artículos, productos
• INCREASE: aumentar

Shopping and Transaction Vocabulary

• BARGAIN: ganga, oferta (muy buena)
• IN CASH: dinero en efectivo
• CASHIER: cajero (máquina de cobro)
• CHARGE: cobrar
• BY CREDIT CARD: tarjeta de crédito
• DISCOUNT: descuento
• EXCHANGE: cambiar
• GUARANTEE: garantía
• MAKE UP ONE’S MIND: decidirse
• ON SALE: a la venta o rebajado
• PRICE

English Language Study Materials

Essential Vocabulary for City Life and Social Interaction

City Life Vocabulary

A collection of terms related to urban environments and municipal issues:

• Commute: viajar diariamente al trabajo
• Crime rate: tasa de criminalidad
• Gang: pandilla
• Graffiti: grafiti
• Green space: zona verde
• Homeless: sin hogar
• Litter: basura
• Low-income: bajos ingresos
• Mayor: alcalde
• Poverty: pobreza
• Residential area: zona residencial
• Slum: barrio bajo
• Suburb: suburbio (m), zona residencial (f)
• Traffic jam: atasco
• Unemployment: desempleo

Social Interaction Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs and adjectives used when discussing relationships and behavior:

• Considerate: considerado
• Feel left out: sentirse excluido
• Get along with: llevarse bien con
• In charge of: a cargo de
• Lend:

VOCABULARY.

Right: derecho, derecha, correcto. To portray: rematar. Plot: argumento. Distrut: desconfianza. Host: anfitrion. Sucess: exito. Beyond; mas alla de. Hope: esperanza. Pride: orgullo. Wise: sabio. As well as: asi como. Strength: fuerza. To miss: echar de menos, perder bus, fallar. Coach: entrenador. Resembled: parecerse. To start: protagonizar. Cast: reparto. Viewers: espectador. To be set: estar situada. Box-office hit: taquillazo. To shoot: disparar / rodar pelicula. To notive: darse cuenta. Illness: enfermedad. Rough: aspero. Marriage: matrimonio. To bocher, to disturbe: molestar. To spot: localizar. Scruffy: desaliñado. To rush:  darse prisa. Imedicated: sin informacion. Hopeful: esperanzado. Hopeless: sin esperanza. Useful:...

Adjectives and Emotional States

• Asombroso: Amazing
• Molesto: Annoying
• Desconcertante: Confusing
• Embarazoso: Embarrassing
• Fascinante: Engrossing
• Terrorífico, aterrador: Frightening
• Intrigante: Intriguing
• Motivador: Motivating
• Alucinante: Stunning
• Asombrado: Amazed
• Molesto: Annoyed
• Desconcertado: Confused
• Avergonzado: Embarrassed
• Fascinado: Engrossed
• Asustado: Frightened
• Intrigado: Intrigued
• Motivado: Motivated
• Pasmado: Stunned

Verbs of Movement and Action

• Deambular: Wander
• Cojear: Limp
• Pasear: Stroll
• Arrastrarse, gatear: Crawl
• Darse prisa: Rush
• Pisar: Tread/Trod

Phrasal Verbs and Mystery Vocabulary

• Explicar: Account for
• Resolver: Clear up
• Rebuscado: Far-fetched
• Llegar al fondo de: Get to the bottom of
• Engaño, bulo: Hoax
• Raro: Odd
• Inquietante: Unsettling
• Extraño: Weird
• Descartar:

Unit 3: Vocabulary and Key Concepts

Reading 3: Essential Terms

• Lifelong: De toda la vida.
• Bookworm: Avid reader / Ratón de biblioteca.
• Stunned: Shocked, much surprised / Estupefacto, atónito, pasmado, anonadado.
• What a waste!: ¡Qué desperdicio!
• To pick up: To collect, to take / (Re)coger.
• To make a difference: Marcar la diferencia.
• To tune out: To ignore / Dejar de escuchar, dejar de prestar atención.
• Chatter: Empty or frivolous talk / Parloteo.
• Hugely: Extremely / Tremendamente.
• To set out: To show, to display / Mostrar, presentar.
• To struggle through: Abrirse paso a través de.
• It’s worth (+-ing): Vale la pena…
• To dismiss: To reject / Rechazar, menospreciar.
• Cunning: Smart, intelligent / Astuto, inteligente (e.g., Cunning wordplay: hábiles juegos

Some and Any (Algún/Ningún)

Some: Used in affirmative sentences.

Any: Used in negative and interrogative sentences.

Present Simple Tense

• Affirmative:
  • I, You, We, They: Use the infinitive form.
  • He, She, It: Add -s to the verb.
• Negative:
  • I, You, We, They: Use do not / don’t.
  • He, She, It: Use does not / doesn’t.

Adverbs of Frequency

Position: Before the main verb.

• Always: Siempre
• Almost always: Casi siempre
• Usually: Usualmente
• Often: A menudo
• Sometimes: Algunas veces
• Almost never: Casi nunca
• Hardly ever: Casi nunca
• Never: Nunca

Frequency Expressions

Position: At the end of the sentence.

• Once, twice, three times: Una, dos, tres veces (a day/week/month/year).
• Every day: Todos los días.
• On weekends: Fin de semana.
• On Saturday: El sábado.
• On weekdays: Días laborales.

Essential English Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb. Here is a list of common phrasal verbs with their definitions and Spanish translations:

• Take off: To remove clothing. / Quitarse ropa.
• Stand for: To be an abbreviation of, or to signify. / Significar.
• Bring together: To introduce people to other people, or to unite. / Reunir, Unir.
• Get on with: To have a friendly relationship with someone. / Llevarse bien con.
• Try on: To put on clothes to see if they fit or look good. / Probarse algo (ropa).
• Try out: To test a new activity or item to see if it is suitable. / Probar algo (actividad/objeto).
• Look for: To search for something. / Buscar.
• Look after: To take care of someone or something. / Cuidar.
• Look up:

English Article Usage Rules

The Article "The"

Use "The":

• When there is only one of something in existence.
• When we have mentioned a person or thing before.
• When it is clear who or what we are referring to.
• With superlative adjectives.
• With some adjectives.
• With some countries, before national groups, before nationalities ending in –sc, -ch.
• With plural names of countries, rivers, seas, oceans, etc.
• With musical instruments, newspapers, inventions, and parts of the body after a preposition.

The Articles "A/An"

Use "A/An":

• Before single countable nouns when we talk about a thing or person (or professions).
• Before some non-serious illnesses.
• Before certain fixed expressions.
• With expressions of quantity.

No Article (–)

Use No Article (–):

• Before plural, countable

Sustainable Waste Management: Reducing Pollution

Taking care of the environment is crucial for the future of the planet. A fundamental way to contribute is by managing the waste we produce more effectively. By reducing the amount of trash and handling it properly, we can prevent pollution and significantly improve our quality of life.

Encouraging Recycling and Reuse Strategies

Recycling and reusing are simple yet highly effective methods for waste reduction. Key strategies include:

• Governments and businesses should create robust programs to separate materials such as plastic, paper, and glass.
• Placing recycling bins in accessible locations.
• Offering incentives to encourage broader public participation.

Furthermore, reusing items like clothing or furniture...