Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Secondary education

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Phrasal Verbs and Idioms for Finance

Vocabulary related to money, spending, and saving:

• Take out (money) → Sacar/Extraer dinero
• Cost an arm and a leg → Cuesta un riñón (Muy caro)
• Snap up a bargain → Comprar un chollo (Una ganga muy buena)
• Spend a fortune on → Gastarse un dineral en
• Throw money down the drain → Desperdiciar dinero / Tirar el dinero
• Tighten your belt → Apretar el cinturón (Reducir gastos)
• Come to → Llegar a una conclusión / Suma total de una cantidad
• Chip in → Aportar / Contribuir con dinero
• Cut down on → Reducir / Reducir el consumo de algo
• Get by → Arreglárselas / Sobrevivir / Pasar
• Pay back → Reembolsar / Devolver dinero
• Rip off → Timar / Estafar / Robar
• Run out of →

Vocabulary and Idiomatic Expressions

Migration and Society

• A spike in: Un pico de algo
• Cutting-edge technology: Tecnología avanzada
• Displace: Desplazar
• Emigrate: Emigrar
• Entrepreneurship: Espíritu emprendedor
• Fabric of society: Estructura de la sociedad
• Get out of control: Fuera de control
• Go-getter: Ambicioso
• Immigrate: Inmigrar
• Innovation: Innovación
• Melting pot: Crisol
• Migrate: Migrar
• Settle: Instalarse
• Trace your ancestry: Trazar tus ancestros
• Uproot: Arrancar

Family and Lifestyle

• Coordinate: Coordinar
• Distribute: Distribuir
• Eliminate: Eliminar
• Encounter: Tener un encuentro
• Extended family: Familia lejana
• Lifestyle choice: Elección de estilo de vida
• Preserve: Preservar
• Standard of living: Estándar de vida
• Threaten: Amenazar

Idioms and Phrases

• Get out of bed on

Common Jobs and Workplace Tasks

Workplace Tasks: Answer the phone, be on your feet, be part of a team, deal with the public, earn a lot (of money), make phone calls, serve customers, travel a lot, use a computer, wear a uniform, work alone, work indoors or outdoors, work with children, and work long hours or nine-to-five.

Professions: Architect, cleaner, dentist, engineer, farm worker, hairdresser, paramedic, pilot, programmer, receptionist, sales assistant, solicitor, travel agent, and waiter.

Describing Work and Career Paths

Adjectives for Work:

• Creative (creativo)
• Challenging (desafiante)
• Repetitive (repetitivo)
• Rewarding (gratificante)
• Stressful (estresante)
• Tiring (cansancio)
• Varied (variado)

Career Milestones and Experiences: Get qualifications,...

Puerto Rico: Island Highlights

(Exercise Note: b a d a)

• Old San Juan: A historic district located at the "northwest triangle" of the islet of San Juan.
• El Yunque National Forest: A tropical rainforest in northeastern Puerto Rico.
• Coquí: The common name for several species of small frogs native to Puerto Rico.

Spanish Food and Meals

(Exercise Note: b d c a)

Common Meal Combinations

• Comen cereales con leche y huevo con pan. (They eat cereal with milk and eggs with bread.)
• Comen sándwiches de jamón y queso con fruta. (They eat ham and cheese sandwiches with fruit.)
• Comen pizza y hamburguesas. (They eat pizza and hamburgers.)

Essential Spanish Vocabulary

Question Words

• ¿Dónde? (Where?)
• ¿Qué? (What?)
• ¿Cómo? (How?)
• ¿Por qué? (Why?)

Common Verbs

• Beber (to

Essential English Vocabulary

This document provides a list of useful English words and phrases, along with their Spanish translations and corrected spellings.

• A high level: Nivel alto
• Absorbed: Absorbido
• Add to: Añadir a
• Advance: Avance / Adelantar
• Advancement: Avance
• Alive: Vivo
• Apparently: Aparentemente
• Appealing: Atractivo
• Attract: Atraer
• Attraction: Atracción
• Attractive: Atractivo
• Boost: Impulsar
• Broadcast: Retransmitir
• Catch a glimpse: Ver algo por un segundo
• Catch on: Hacerse popular
• Childproof: A prueba de niños
• Come down on: Criticar
• Come into: Heredar
• Come off: Salir / Resultar
• Come out: Salir a la venta / Salir fuera
• Come round: Pasar por / Volver
• Crowd: Multitud
• Dim: Poca luz
• Draw a crowd: Atraer una multitud
• Either way: De cualquier manera
• Ensure: Asegurar
• Enthusiasm:

Relative Pronouns

1. WHO (que, quien, quienes)

Used to refer to people.

Example: The boy, who you met yesterday, is my brother.

2. WHICH (que, el que, la que...)

Used to refer to animals, things, or objects.

Example: The car, which you bought yesterday, is really nice.

3. THAT (que, el que, la que...)

Used to refer to people, animals, and things. There is a rule in English that says that "that" cannot be used after a comma. Therefore, we cannot use this relative in non-defining sentences, which are those sentences in which the relative clause goes between commas.

4. WHAT (lo que)

We use "what" with this meaning when it is a relative pronoun, and not an interrogative one.

Example: What you say is false! ///// I don't understand what you say.

5. WHERE (donde)

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Review

Vocabulary Definitions

• Blow away: To move by the wind.
• Burn down: To destroy by fire.
• Come out: To appear in the sky.
• Hang out: To spend time with someone.
• Put out: To make something stop burning.
• Slip up: To make a mistake (terminar - *Correction: This usually means 'to make a mistake' or 'to fail slightly', not 'to finish'*).
• Pouring: Raining a lot.
• Power: Energy.
• Forecast: Report the weather.
• Lightning: Rayo (A flash of light in the sky).
• Flood: A large amount of water.
• Tornado: Dangerous wind.
• Rise: To increase.
• Flow: To move along without stopping.
• Mend: Repair.
• Create: Produce.
• Recycle.
• Customize: Change something to make it suitable.
• Design: Dibujar (To draw or plan).
• Stick: Pegamento (Glue) or to adhere.
• Decorate.

Basic English Vocabulary

Days of the Week

• Monday
• Tuesday
• Wednesday
• Thursday
• Friday
• Saturday
• Sunday

Months of the Year

• January
• February
• March
• April
• May
• June
• July
• August
• September
• October
• November
• December

Simple Questions and Answers

1. When is your birthday? - ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
2. Who is your best friend? - ¿Quién es tu mejor amigo?
3. What is your favorite color? - ¿Cuál es tu color favorito?
4. What is your favorite film? - ¿Cuál es tu película favorita?
5. Who is your favorite singer or actor? - ¿Quién es tu cantante o actor favorito?
6. What is your nickname? - ¿Cuál es tu apodo?
7. Who is Diego Forlán? - ¿Quién es Diego Forlán?
8. How old are you? - ¿Cuántos años tienes?
9. Maria is from Uruguay? - ¿María es de Uruguay?
10. Miranda is not 12? - ¿Miranda no tiene 12

Dominando los Tiempos Verbales en Inglés

Present Simple

Se utiliza para hábitos, rutinas y hechos generales.

Fórmula Afirmativa (+)

• Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo + Palabras clave (once a month, 3 times a year)

Ejemplos:

• We travel to Europe twice a year.
• She suns in the park four times a week.

Regla para la Tercera Persona del Singular (He, She, It):

Al verbo se le agrega "S" o "ES". (Se agrega ES a verbos terminados en -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z, -o).

Fórmula Negativa (-)

• Sujeto + don't (I, We, They, You) / doesn't (He, She, It) + Verbo en infinitivo + Palabras clave

Fórmula Interrogativa (?)

• Do o Does + Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo + ...?

Preguntas WH

• WH (What, Where, When, Who, Why) + do/does + Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo

Present Continuous

Se utiliza para...