Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Secondary education

English Grammar: Wish, It's Time & Sentence Rephrasing

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Using 'Wish' in English

  • Present Wishes: Use 'wish' + Past Simple to talk about present situations you'd like to be different.
  • Using 'Could' with 'Wish': Use 'wish' + 'could' to express desire for a different ability or possibility in the present.
  • Past Regrets: Use 'wish' + Past Perfect (had + participle) to talk about things you regret from the past.
  • Complaints/Annoyance (Present): Use 'wish' / 'if only' + subject + 'would' + infinitive (not 'I' or 'we') to complain about a present situation or someone's behaviour.
  • Future Wishes: Use 'wish' / 'if only' + subject + 'would' + infinitive (often about changing someone's behavior or a future event).
  • Expressing Regret: Use 'regret' + -ing form for past actions you wish you hadn't done.

It's Time & Would

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English Grammar Rules and Verb Tenses Reference

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English Connectors and Linkers

Adding information: And, also, too, besides, as well, moreover, in addition, and furthermore.

Expressing contrast: Although, though, even though, however, but, on the one hand, on the other hand, nevertheless, and nonetheless.

Giving examples: For example, for instance, such as, that is to say, and in other words.

Expressing consequences: As a result, therefore, and thus.

Concluding: In short, in conclusion, in summary, and last but not least.

Grammar Structures and Pronouns

Orders and Gerunds

Orders: He told me to go.

Using -ING: Like, dislike, love, prefer, enjoy, hate, suggest, and before.

Pronouns and Possessives

  • Object Pronouns (after the verb): Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
  • Possessive Adjectives (before the noun)
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English Language Skills: Grammar, Vocabulary, and Expressions

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Grammar Transformations

  1. The last time I spoke to her was before she had her baby.
  2. This is the first time I have eaten Greek food.
  3. My nephew has been playing tennis since 2010.
  4. It’s ages since he saw her sister.
  5. I haven’t gone swimming for three months.
  6. This is the biggest supermarket I have ever seen.
  7. When I was younger, my parents didn’t let me watch much television.
  8. Paula was made to wash up before she could go out.
  9. Why aren’t we allowed to go to the party?
  10. You don’t need to hand in the homework until next week.
  11. I think you had better see a doctor.
  12. Do you know what we are supposed to do for homework?

Key Vocabulary and Phrases

Supermarket Vocabulary

  1. Out of town
  2. Corner
  3. Brands
  4. Own brand
  5. Convenience
  6. Range
  7. Foodstuffs
  8. Value
  9. Aisles
  10. Trolley
  11. Counter
  12. Checkout
  13. Till
  14. Cashier
  15. Receipt

Sports

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English Subjunctive: Uses, Expressions and Examples

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Subjunctive

Subjunctive

El subjuntivo se usa para dar mayor énfasis en una oración.

¿Y cómo es eso?

Por ejemplo, en español se dice: "Es importante que nosotros comamos sano".

Mientras que en inglés se dice: "It is important that we eat healthily".

Subjunctive Sentence Structure

El orden que se utiliza en este tipo de oraciones es el siguiente:

It is + adjective + that + subject + verb (base form) + complement (It's)

Common Adjectives Used with the Subjunctive

Los verbos/adjetivos que mayormente se usan en este tipo de oraciones son:

  • Best
  • Crucial
  • Desirable
  • Essential
  • Imperative
  • Important
  • Recommended
  • Urgent
  • Vital

Examples with the Subjunctive

It's crucial that you pay attention to the teacher.

Es crucial que prestes atención al profesor.

It's essential that

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Essential English Linking Phrases and Equivalents

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English Connectors and Transition Words

Addition and Contrast

  • And: Y
  • In addition (to): Además (de)
  • Furthermore(,): Además (,)
  • Moreover: Además (,); lo que es más…
  • What’s more: Además (,); lo que es más…
  • Besides: Además
  • Also: También (tras Sujeto)
  • Too: También (final de frase)
  • As well as…: Así como…
  • But: Pero
  • However: Sin embargo
  • Nevertheless, : Sin embargo
  • Yet: Sin embargo
  • Still: Aún así
  • Although: Aunque
  • Even though: Aunque
  • Even if: Incluso si…
  • In spite of: A pesar de
  • Despite: A pesar de

Comparison and Contrast

  • On the one hand: Por un(a) lado/parte
  • On the other hand: Por otro(a) lado/parte
  • In contrast: Por el contrario…
  • It can also be argued that…: También se puede decir que…
  • While…: Mientras que…

Cause and Effect

  • Because: Porque
  • Because
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Essential Vocabulary for Opinion Essays (English/Spanish)

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This vocabulary list provides key phrases for structuring effective opinion essays, complete with Spanish translations, categorized by function.

1. Expressing Opinions and Beliefs

English PhraseSpanish Translation
In my opinion, …En mi opinión…
Personally, I think/ I believe (that)…Personalmente, creo que…
I strongly believe that…Creo firmemente que…
It is clear (to me) that…Me parece evidente que…
I feel very strongly that…Siento firmemente que…
I (completely) agree/disagree with…Estoy (totalmente) de acuerdo/en desacuerdo con…
It seems to me that…Me parece que…
As I see it, …Como yo lo veo…
To my mind, …En mi opinión…
In my view, …Desde mi punto de vista…
From my point of view, …Desde mi punto de vista…
As
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English Verb Patterns and Reported Speech

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Verbs of Reporting

TOLDASKEDINVITED

BE

DON'T TALK

+ TO + VERB

PLEASE

CAN YOU

WILL YOU..... PLEASE

COULD YOU

WOULD YOU

WOULD YOU MIND...... ING..... PLEASE

+ TO + VERB (base form)

WOULD YOU LIKE + TO + VERB (base form)

ADVICED

SUGGESTED

AGREED

IF I WERE YOU, I'D

YOU SHOULD + TO + VERB (base form)

LET'S

WHY DON'T WE

HOW ABOUT ING

SHALL WE

+ VERB + ING

ALL RIGHT

OK

TO + VERB (base form)


BEGGED

REMINDEDAPOLOGIZED

PLEASE

+ TO + VERB (base form)

DON'T FORGET

REMEMBER

+ TO + VERB (base form)

I'M SORRY + FOR + VERB + ING

REFUSEDOFFEREDPROMISED

NO

+ TO + VERB (base form)

SHALL I + TO + VERB (base form)I WILL + TO + VERB (base form)


Verb Patterns

VERB + TO + VERB

Verb + Infinitive with TO

VERB + VERB + ING

Verb + Gerund (-ING)

BE ABLE

AFFORD

AGREE

ARRANGE

CHOOSE

DECIDE

EXPECT

FORGET

HELP

HOPE

LEARN

MANAGE

NEED

OFFER

PLAN

PRETEND

PROMISE

REFUSE

REMEMBER

SEEM

TRY

WANT

WOULD

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English Verb Tenses and Core Vocabulary Reference

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English Verb Tenses

Present Simple

  • Positive (+): you work / he works
  • Negative (-): you don't work / he doesn't work
  • Interrogative (?): do you work / does he work

Usage:

  • Routines, general facts, schedules, and programs.

Present Continuous

  • Positive (+): you are singing / I am singing / he is singing
  • Negative (-): you aren't singing / I'm not singing / he isn't singing
  • Interrogative (?): are you singing / am I singing / is he singing

Usage:

  • Actions happening at the moment of speaking.
  • Plans for the near future.
  • Actions occurring in a broader present.

Past Simple

  • Positive (+): you finished (all forms)
  • Negative (-): you didn't finish
  • Interrogative (?): did you finish

Usage:

  • Finished actions that occurred in the past.
  • Descriptions of how things were in the past.

Past

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English Modal Verbs and Travel Vocabulary

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Gramática: Verbos modales

  • Can: se puede traducir como "poder" en español y expresa habilidad o posibilidad. Por ejemplo: I can speak English fluently. También se usa para pedir permiso o preguntar si algo es posible: Can I have some sugar in my tea, please?
  • Could: es la forma en pasado de can. También se puede usar para preguntas con el mismo significado que can, pero es más formal. Could you please help me with my English pronunciation?
  • Will: se usa para formar el futuro, ya que no existe un tiempo verbal específico para hacer esto en inglés. También sirve para pedir favores o información: Will they cover your travel expenses on the trip? Una versión más formal de will es shall.
  • Should: similar al castellano "deber", se usa para expresar
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Essential English Vocabulary for Daily Life and Academic Success

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English Vocabulary for Daily Life and Academic Topics

Vocabulary for Residence Halls and Shared Living

  • Residence halls: residencia universitaria, colegio mayor
  • To move into a house: mudarse a una casa
  • To share a house: compartir piso
  • To get along (with sb) very well: To get on (with sb) very well / llevarse muy bien (con alguien)
  • To take on: To assume, to accept / asumir
  • To sort out: To classify, to organize / poner en orden, clasificar, separar, organizar
  • Paperwork: papeles, burocracia
  • Yet: (Formal) However / no obstante
  • To rise up: To move upwards / subir, ascender
  • Ankle: tobillo
  • Plughole: desagüe
  • Clogged: Blocked / obstruido, atascado
  • To have a row (with sb): To have an argument (with sb) / discutir (con alguien)
  • Barely: Hardly, rarely / apenas
  • Annoying:
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