Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Secondary education

English Verb Tenses: Structure and Usage

Present Tenses Comparison

This section details the structure (Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative) and common time expressions for the main present tenses.

Present Simple

• Affirmative (A): Base form (e.g., play).
• Negative (N): don't play / doesn't play.
• Interrogative (I): Does he + Base Verb Form?
• Keywords: every day, on Sundays, always, often, never.

Present Continuous

• Affirmative (A): to be (am/is/are) + V-ing (e.g., are listening).
• Negative (N): aren't / isn't + V-ing.
• Interrogative (I): Are they + V-ing?
• Keywords: now, right now, at the moment.

Present Perfect Simple

• Structure: Use have or has + Past Participle (V3).
• Negative (N): haven't / hasn't + V3.
• Verb Forms:
  • If the verb is regular, use the -ed form.
  • If the

Verbos con Doble Complemento en la Voz Pasiva

Ciertos verbos pueden tener dos complementos: uno de persona (Complemento Indirecto - CI) y uno de cosa (Complemento Directo - CD). Estos incluyen:

• Give
• Lend
• Offer
• Pay
• Promise
• Refuse
• Send
• Show

Ejemplo en voz activa: The company gave John (CI) a warm welcome (CD).

Existen dos formas de construir la pasiva:

1. El CI pasa a ser el sujeto (más común)

John was given a warm welcome.

2. El CD pasa a ser el sujeto (menos frecuente)

A warm welcome was given to John.

Omisión del Agente en la Voz Pasiva

El agente (quien realiza la acción) se omite en la voz pasiva cuando es evidente, desconocido o irrelevante. Esto ocurre comúnmente con:

• Pronombres personales de sujeto: I, you, he, she, etc.
  Ejemplo: You will be written

Common English Connectors and Their Meanings

Improve your writing and speaking flow by using these essential English connectors. This list includes their Spanish translations to help you understand their context and usage.

Direct Speech Fundamentals

Direct speech involves quoting the exact words spoken, enclosed in quotation marks.

• Dr. Ames wrote, “Negative emotions are harmful and cause illness.”
• He continued, “But Cousins hasn’t proved anything.”
• Cousins said, “Laughter cured me.”
• We wrote, “He isn’t practicing laughter yoga.”
• She claimed, “We were telling the truth.”
• Doctors admitted, “We’ve learned from Cousins’s article.”
• He told her, “I’ll check to see how you’re feeling later.”
• Pam told us, “I can’t understand what happened.”
• He told me, “You have to see this funny movie.”
• The nurse told the little girl, “You must rest.”

Indirect Speech Transformation

Indirect speech (or reported speech) conveys what was said without...

Adjectives

• cosmopolitan: cosmopolita
• deserted: desierto
• hideous:: horrible
• historic: histórico
• lively: alegre
• modern: modern
• packed: abarrotado
• peaceful: tranquilo
• remote: remote, muy lejano
• stunning: maravilloso
• touristy: turístico

Tourism Activities

• buy souvenirs: comprar recuerdos, souvenirs
• chill out: relajarse
• explore the countryside: visitor/ conocer el campo
• get away from it all: huir de todo
• go sightseening: hacer turismo
• sunbathe: tomar el sol
• take a bus tour: hacer una excursión con autobús
• take photos: sacar fotos

Travel

• journey: pasar de un lugar a otro
• travel: (the general activity of moving from place to place)
• trip: (a journey to place and back again, either for pleasure or for a specific reason)

Phrasal Verbs

• break down: descompostura
• carry on: continuar
• check

Essential Spanish Vocabulary and English Collocations

Music and Concert Terminology

Escenario

stage

Batería

drum set

Guitarra

guitar

Bajo

bass

Traste

fret

Baqueta

drumstick

Púa

pick

Lista de canciones

setlist

Teclado

keyboard

Altavoz

speaker

Público

crowd

Pista

floor

Entrada de pista

floor seats

Reventa

scalped

Agotar

sold out

Consecutivas

in a row

Arriba del todo

nosebleed

Telonero

opening act

Calmarse

calm down

Hoy en día

nowadays

Cartel

lineup

Cantante

lead singer

Tirarse desde el escenario

stage dives

Aplastar

crushed

Parte delantera

pit

Fans

groupies

Cabeza de cartel

headlining

Sound, Acoustics, and Listening Phrases

Hazme caso

listen to me

Auriculares

headphones

No me molestes

don't bother me

Suena bien

it sounds good

Áspero

raspy

Amortiguado

muffled

Chillido

screech

Murmullo

murmur

Ensordecedor

deafening

Chirriante

squeaky

Bajos

bass

Agudos

treble

Silbido

hissing

Rugir

growling

Sonido

Theme 8: Communication and Social Interaction Vocabulary

Verbs and Phrases for Communication (English - Spanish)

Agree

Estar de acuerdo

Argue

Discutir

Answer the phone

Contestar

Ask

Pedir

Apologize

Pedir disculpas

Chat

Hablar con alguien

Fall out with (sb)

Enfadarse con alguien

Leave a message

Dejar un mensaje

Make a call

Hacer una llamada

Post a message

Enviar un mensaje

Warn

Advertir

Assist

Ayudar

Bad-mouth somebody

Difamar

Enquire about sth

Entrevistar

Fancy doing smth

Que te apetece hacer algo

Reckon

Pensar (de manera formal)

Require

Preguntar

Ad (Advertise)

Anunciar

Enquiry

Encuesta

Paper

Periódico

Adjectives Describing People

Big-mouthed

Hablador

Ill-mannered

Maleducado

Advanced Communication Phrases

Go on about sth

Talk about something for a long time

Shut up

Callarte o cerrar

Get in

Essential English Vocabulary

• Supportive: Apoyo
• Helpful: Servicial
• Outgoing: Extrovertida
• Extroverted: Extrovertido
• Truthful: Veraz
• Sincere: Sincero
• Enthusiastic: Entusiasta
• Energetic: Energético
• Dependable: Confiable
• Reliable: De confianza
• Responsible: Responsable
• Mature: Maduro
• Cruel: Cruel
• Mean: Media
• Optimistic: Optimista
• Positive: Positivo
• Sympathetic: Simpático
• Kind: Tipo
• Bitter: Amargo
• Angry: Enojado
• Eager: Ansioso
• Willing: Complaciente
• Dedicated: Dedicado
• Determined: Determinado

More Useful Words

• Bully: Matón
• Victims: Víctimas
• Star: Estrella
• Founder: Fundador
• Get involved: Involucrarse
• Get things done: Terminar las cosas
• Get better: Mejorar
• Get the feeling: Da la sensación
• Get permission: Obtener permiso
• Get used to: Acostumbrarse a
• Make an effort: Haz un esfuerzo
• Make

English Word Components and Expressions

Prefixes and Their Meanings

Understanding prefixes helps in determining the meaning of many words. Here are examples grouped by their common prefixes:

• ANTI-: war, learning, coeducational, exist, cooperation
• MIS-: behave, print, understand
• OUT-: perform, play, run
• OVER-: charge, confident, work
• RE-: write, do
• UNDER-: achieve, cook, estimate
• DIS-: approve, honesty, loyalty
• IL-: legal, legible
• IM-: mature, polite, possible
• IN-: compatible
• IR-: rational, responsible
• UN-: comfortable, usual

Nouns Related to Personal Qualities

A list of important personal attributes:

ABILITY, AMBITION, CAUTION, DETERMINATION, ENCOURAGEMENT, ENJOYMENT, HAPPINESS, IMAGINATION, INSPIRATION, PATIENCE, PERFORMANCE, REALITY, TOUGHNESS, VIOLENCE,

English Grammar Essentials: Tenses, Verbs & Vocabulary

Essential English Vocabulary: Body Parts

• Chest: pit
• Heart: cor
• Hip: maluc
• Kidney: ronyó
• Liver: fetge
• Lungs: pulmons
• Muscle: múscul
• Nail: ungla
• Neck: coll
• Nerves: nervis
• Shin: canyella
• Skin: pell
• Stomach: estómac
• Thigh: cuixa
• Throat: gola
• Tongue: llengua

Understanding the Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past and continue into the present. It is often accompanied by expressions like since (desde "1999") and for (hace, desde "hace dos semanas").

Using "Ago" for Past Events

The word "ago" signifies a period of time in the past.

• Example: Richard finished university three years ago. (Richard terminó la universidad hace tres años.)

"Already"