Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Secondary education

Past Simple

• Affirmative: 2nd column of irregular verbs.
• Negative: didn't + infinitive.
• Interrogative: Did + subject + infinitive?

Present Perfect Simple

Structure: have/has + 3rd column (past participle).

Used for actions or situations from the past that have an effect on the present, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Keywords: already, ever, for, just, never, since, yet.

Past Perfect Simple

Structure: had + 3rd column.

Used for actions that happened before another past action, or actions developed prior to a specific moment in the past. Keywords: for, since, already, by, before.

Future Tenses

Will

Structure: will/won't + infinitive. Used for predictions, opinions about the future, and spontaneous decisions.

Going to

Structure:...

Present Perfect and Adverbs

The Present Perfect uses an auxiliary verb and a past participle.

• Ever: Used in questions.
• Never: Used in negative sentences.
• Just: Used for recently completed actions.
• Already: Used for actions completed before expected.
• Still: Used for actions that do not change.
• Yet: Used at the end of a sentence.

Adjectives and Adverbs

• So: Used with adjectives and adverbs (e.g., so tall).
• Such: Used with noun phrases (e.g., such a person).
• Too: Used for excessive amounts with adjectives (e.g., too fast).
• Enough: Used after adjectives (e.g., good enough).
• Adjective/Adverb pairs: Fast/fast, hard/hard, good/well.

Causative Verbs

• Make: To force someone to do something.
• Let: To permit someone to do something.

Passive Voice

Active: Subject + Verb +...

The Environment

[biodegradable - biodegradable / carbon footprint - petjada de carboni / climate change - canvi climàtic / deforestation - deforestació / energy efficient - energia eficient / factory farming - cria intensiva / global warming - escalfament global / greenhouse gases - gasos d'efecte hivernacle / habitat - hàbitat / industrial waste - residu industrial / landfill - abocador / overfishing - sobrepesca / ozone layer - capa d'ozó / pollution - contaminació / recycling plant - planta de reciclatge / wildlife - fauna]

Materials

[bottle - ampolla / bowl - bol / box - caixa / can - llauna / cardboard - cartró / cloth - roba / cup - copa / glass - got de vidre / jar - pot / metal - metall / nylon - niló / packet - paquet / paper -...

Essential English Vocabulary and Expressions

Improve your English vocabulary with this comprehensive list of words, phrasal verbs, idioms, and word families translated into Spanish.

General Vocabulary and Definitions

• Manly: varonil
• Be at it: estar metido en algo
• Rebellion: rebelión
• Insisting: insistir
• Beaming (smiling broadly): sonrisa radiante
• Wear off (decreases): decrecer
• Urge (strongly advise): instar a algo
• Fatigue (tiredness): cansancio
• Barrier (an obstacle): obstáculo
• Confirmed (said it was true): confirmar
• Authority (power): poder

Family and Relationships

• Relatives: pariente
• Stepmother: madrastra
• Ancestors: antepasado
• Foster parents: padres de acogida
• Acquaintance: conocido
• Fiancé: prometido
• Extended family: parientes lejanos
• Niece and nephew: sobrina

Ocurrencia en Documentos y Consulta

Cálculo de Pesos (Wij = tf * IDF)

Resultados de Similitud

• q: Coche rojo de Blanca
• d1: Marca Citroen color rojo
• d2: Coches rojos, coches blancos, Madrid-ocasión
• d3: Ocasión Madrid, autos rojos de marcas blancas

Resultado Coseno (TF.IDF)

d1: 0,00 | d2: 0,95 | d3: 0,10

Resultado Producto Escalar (TF.IDF)

sim(dj,...

Subject-Verb Agreement: Has vs. Have

• Has: He, She, It
• Have: I, You, We, They

Irregular Verbs: Past Participle List

• be (been), beat (beaten), become (become), begin (begun), bite (bitten), blow (blown), break (broken), bring (brought), build (built), buy (bought), catch (caught), choose (chosen), come (come), cost (cost), cut (cut), do (done), draw (drawn), dream (dreamed/dreamt), drink (drunk), drive (driven), eat (eaten), fall (fallen), feel (felt), fight (fought), find (found), fly (flown), forget (forgotten), forgive (forgiven), get (got), give (given), go (gone), grow (grown), hang (hung), have (had), hear (heard), hide (hidden), hit (hit), hold (held), hurt (hurt), keep (kept), know (known), learn (learned/learnt), leave (left), lend (lent)

VOCABULARY:

accomplishment (14): èxit

background (11): orígens, experiència

defeat (6): derrota

draw (4): dibuixar

gift (4): tenir un don

guidance (8): direcció

move (4): moviment

referee (7): àrbitre 

self-esteem (4-6): autoestima

sportsmanship (13): esportivitat

stamina (7): resistència

teammate (8): company d'equip

willpower (9): força de voluntat

beat (4): batre

catch up with (5-2-4): posar-se al dia amb

devote (oneself) (6): dedicar-se

enhance (7): millorar

excel (5)/excel at (5-2): ser molt bo en

flee (4): fugir

go in for (2-2-3): anar per

let down (3-4): deixar tirat

sit out (3-3): seure

tell apart (4-5): diferenciar

try out for (3-3-3): provar per

stunning (8): fantàstic

a bad loser (1-3-5): mal perdedor 

(be) a good sport ((2)1-

Understanding Service Sectors

Types of Services

• By Provider: Services can be public or private.
• By Function: Services can relate to business, transport, or tourism.
• By Technology Use:
  • Traditional Services: Do not use new technologies.
  • Advanced Services: Utilize new technologies.

Where Services Are Located

The location of services is influenced by several factors:

• Government commitment to providing basic social services.
• High income levels of inhabitants.
• Low employment in agricultural and industrial sectors.
• Tertiarization of industries (shift towards service-based economies).

Why Outsourcing Occurs

Developed countries often transfer some of these services to less developed countries where labor is cheaper, leading to outsourcing.

Key Service Sectors

Transport

Poesía

Poesía de 1960: La promoción de 1955

Surge una nueva generación iniciada por la poesía de la experiencia. Escriben una poesía lírica, intimista y reflexiva, con un estilo natural. Los poetas que componen la generación de los 50 caracterizan sus diferencias con la poesía social:

• Predominan los temas que tratan sobre la experiencia personal, como el amor.
• Se manifiesta una actitud crítica, reflexiva y cívica.
• Se emplea una expresión irónica.
• Tienden a valorar la expresión poética con un lenguaje natural y escribir una poesía minoritaria.

Poesía de 1970: Experimentalismo

Acaba con el realismo. Se les conoce como la generación del 70, generación del 68, venecianos y novísimos. Los novísimos representan la tendencia más innovadora...