Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Verb Tenses and Structures

Present Simple (P. SIMPL)

• (+) Affirmative: Subject + Verb + Complement
• (-) Negative: Subject + don't/doesn't + Verb (infinitive) + Complement
• (?) Interrogative: Do/Does + Subject + Verb (infinitive) + Complement

Present Continuous (P. CONTIN)

• (+) Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + Verb (-ing) + Complement
• (-) Negative: Subject + aren't/isn't/am not + Complement
• (?) Interrogative: (Wh-word) + am/is/are + Subject + Verb (-ing)

Present Perfect (PR. PERFECT)

• (+) Affirmative: Subject + have/has + Past Participle
• (-) Negative: Subject + haven't/hasn't + Past Participle
• (?) Interrogative: (Wh-word) + have/has + Subject + Past Participle

Future Tenses

• Future Simple: will + Verb (infinitive)
• Future Continuous: Subject + will + be

Modal Verbs

Verb Tenses

Simple Present

Use: habits, routines, general truths.

Frequency adverbs: always, usually, often, once/twice, every, sometimes, occasionally, generally, each, normally.

Positive: subject + base verb (e.g., I study business administration)

Negative: subject + don't/doesn't + base verb (e.g., I don't study business administration)

Questions: Do/Does + subject + base verb? (e.g., Do you study business administration?)

Present Continuous

Use: actions happening now, temporary situations.

Time expressions: now,... Continue reading "English Grammar Cheat Sheet" »

1B. Auxiliary Verbs

Verbs that support the main verb and provide grammatical information: am, are, is, do, does, did, have, has, was, were, would, should, will.

2A. Present Perfect Continuous vs. Simple

• Present Perfect Simple (PPS): Past actions with present relevance. Structure: Has/Have + Past Participle.
• Present Perfect Continuous (PPC): Actions started in the past that continue into the present. Structure: Has/Have + been + Verb-ing.

2B. Adjective Order

The standard order for adjectives is: Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Pattern, Origin, Material, Noun.

3A. Past Tenses

• Past Simple: Completed past actions (e.g., I walked).
• Past Continuous: Actions at specific moments in the past (e.g., Was/Were + Verb-ing).
• Past Perfect: Actions that occurred before

Steering and Maneuvering Commands

• What is your heading? (¿Cuál es su rumbo?)
• My heading is... degrees. (Mi rumbo es de... grados.)
• Port/starboard 10º: Hold 10º of port/starboard rudder. (A babor/estribor 10º, meter el timón 10º a estribor/babor y mantenerlo así.)
• Hard-a-port/starboard: Avoid allowing the vessel's head to go to port/starboard. (Todo a babor/estribor, meter el timón a babor/estribor y mantenerlo así.)
• Ease to five/ten/fifteen: Reduce amount of rudder to 5º/10º/15º/20º and hold. (Levante hasta cinco, diez, quince; reducir el ángulo del timón y mantenerlo así.)
• Report if she does not answer the wheel. (Avise si el buque no obedece el timón.)
• Steady on one eight two. (Derecho al uno ocho dos.)

Engine Room Commands

• (Port/

Family and Relationships Vocabulary

Fiancé - prometido
Nephew - sobrino
Niece - sobrina
Peer - colega
Sibling - hermano/a

Phrasal Verbs

• Apply for - solicitar
• Bring up - criar
• Fit in - encajar
• Grow apart - distanciarse
• Live up to - cumplir las expectativas
• Look up to - admirar
• Include - implicar
• Name after - poner el mismo nombre
• Provide - proporcionar
• Reject - rechazar
• Side with - ponerse de parte de
• Stand out - destacar
• Stay away - mantenerse alejado
• Take after - parecerse
• Tease - meterse con

Get + Phrases

• Get along - llevarse bien
• Get a job - conseguir trabajo
• Get an award - recibir un premio
• Get back - regresar
• Get dark - oscurecer
• Get divorced - divorciarse
• Get engaged - prometerse
• Get a good mark - sacar buena nota
• Get home - llegar a casa
• Get lost - perderse
• Get old

1. Medical Symptoms and Conditions

• To be swollen - Estar hinchado
• To be unconscious - Estar inconsciente
• Feel dizzy - Estar mareado/a
• Have a bruise - Tener un hematoma
• Have a rash - Tener sarpullido
• Have blurred vision - Visión borrosa
• Have indigestion - Tener indigestión
• Have memory loss - Pérdida de memoria
• Slurred speech - Habla fatigada
• Pass out - Desmayarse
• Shiver - Temblar
• Throw up - Vomitar

2. Verbs and Communication

• Reveal - Revelar
• Interpret - Interpretar
• Figure out - Averiguar
• Criticise - Criticado/a
• Reject - Rechazado
• Capture - Capturar
• Point at - Señalar a
• Get across - Atravesar
• Highlight - Destacar
• Illustrate - Ilustrar

3. Phrasal Verbs and Adverbs

• Open up - Talk about something with someone
• Move on - Stop talking about something
• Keep it to yourself

Según él, el cambio es imposible y el movimiento una ilusión. Parménides toma al ser como elemento de argumento, definiéndolo como «lo que es», es imperecedero, finito, continuo, único, indivisible e inmóvil. A su vez, él dice que la apariencia oculta la verdadera realidad. Fue un filósofo griego que nació entre el 530 a. C. y el 515 a. C. en la ciudad de Elea. Siempre fue considerado como el opuesto a Heráclito. Este es considerado el primero en tratar la metafísica, ya que se mueve en las abstracciones. «El ser es, el no ser no es». Él habla del ente, del ser («el ser en cuanto ser») y sus características.

Influencias

Pitagóricos: misteriosos, formados por astrólogos, músicos, matemáticos, etc. También encontramos un

Business Terminology Definitions

Sales and Marketing Techniques

• 1. Telesales (Televentas): Selling or marketing goods and services by phone (Venta o comercialización de bienes y servicios por teléfono).
• 2. Telemarketing: Same as above.
• 3. Cold-Calling (Llamadas Comerciales): Phoning people who have not requested a call in order to try to sell them something (Llamadas por teléfono a personas que no han solicitado una llamada con el fin de intentar venderles algo).
• 4. Hard Sell (Difícil de Vender): Attempt to sell something by being very forceful (Intentar vender algo siendo muy contundente).
• 5. Inertia Selling (Inercia de Venta): When a company behaves as if you agreed to buy something because you did not actually refuse it (Cuando una empresa

Parallel Structure

Parallel Structure

On his day off, he did this, this, and that. On his day off, he did this, this, and that.

I love reading stories, watching the moon, and spending time with my friends.

I love reading stories, watching the moon, and spending time with my friends.

Mary likes reading, playing cards, and watching movies.

Mary likes reading, playing cards, and watching movies.

Perfect Modals

Perfect Modals

They must have practiced (deben haber practicado) a lot because they played beautifully.

My grandfather may have used (podría haber usado) this camera when he was young, but I am not sure.

Could have—podría haber

Can't have—no puede haber

Should have—deberías haber

Mixed Conditionals

Mixed Conditionals

If I were you, I would get... Continue reading "English Grammar: Parallel Structure, Modals, Conditionals & More" »

Used To

• Affirmative: Subject + used to + verb
• Negative: Subject + didn't use to + verb
• Interrogative: Did + subject + use to + verb?

Past Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + verb in past (e.g., yesterday)
• Negative: Subject + didn't + verb
• Interrogative: Did + subject + verb?

Past Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
• Negative: Subject + hadn't + past participle
• Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle?
• Time markers: Before, After

Present Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle
• Negative: Subject + hasn't/haven't + past participle
• Interrogative: Has/have + subject + past participle?
• Usage:
  • Ever: Questions only.
  • Never: Negative sentences only.
  • Just: Affirmative (between have/has and participle).
  • Still: Negative (before have/has).
  • Already: