Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

Definitions

• State: The political and higher administrative unit governing a territory, to whose authority all inhabitants are subject.
• Dictatorship: A system where all state powers are concentrated in the hands of a person or group, such as the military, religious leaders, or a political party.

Types of States

Secular States

There is a total separation between the state and religion. Laws are not based on any religious doctrine, and citizens may profess the religion of their choice or none at all.

Theocracy

There is an official religion, and sacred books serve as religious law. Religious leaders occupy the government or have the authority to decide on policies; all other religions are banned.

Monarchies

States in which the head of state is a king who...

Identifying Globalization Definitions

Globalization allows connecting people worldwide, which allows the dissemination of all information. Different elements:

• It is a socio-cultural phenomenon made possible by technological advances.
• Relates to the opening of the economy and borders.
• Multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that transcend nations.

IMF Definition of Globalization

According to the IMF, globalization increases interdependence among countries. This leads to significant competition between firms in different places competing for the same market but in different ways. This results in people having great proposals but in different places and cultures.

Cut it in half and then PASTE SO DOING A DOUBLE-SIDED CHOPS

Globalization Analysis

The

The Restoration of the Constitutional Monarchy

General Martínez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII, son of Isabel II, as king in 1874, which began the Restoration. The regime of the new king, a supporter of constitutional monarchy, named Cánovas del Castillo as the President of the Government. Cánovas was the real architect behind the return of the Bourbons to the throne. He worked to organize and stabilize the political situation. On one hand, he ended the war in Cuba and the Carlist War; on the other, he created a new political system in which all parties had room to accept the monarchy within a constitutional framework. This political system was based essentially on two pillars: a new constitution and the alternation of parties in power.

The

Imperialism, particularly in the last third of the nineteenth century during the Second Industrial Revolution, saw major European powers leverage their superior technical and economic capabilities to create vast colonial empires. These empires were established by colonizing territories such as Africa and Asia, which often had very weak economic and political structures.

Causes of Imperialism

• Economic Causes

  European nations sought new markets to invest capital and to extract raw materials as cheaply as possible.

• Demographic Causes

  Growing populations in Europe had trouble finding work. Colonialism offered Europeans the possibility to emigrate and improve their life and work prospects.

• Political Causes

  The Great Powers entered a competition to control

Defining Culture and Cultural Identity

Culture: A set of customs, knowledge, and ways of living that a group of people feel as their own, distinguishing them from other groups. Language, history, and social or political ideas are key elements of the culture of a people. This group of people usually lives in the same territory, but due to migration, this is not always the case.

Cultural differences: These are not merely due to the physical characteristics of individuals, but to education and the way we live and think.

Cultural Pluralism and Mass Culture

Cultural Pluralism and Multiculturalism: This involves the defense of human coexistence and considers that several "others" need not be seen as competitors.

Mass Culture: The generalization of the...

Factors Leading to the Industrial Revolution

1. Necessary Changes for the Revolution

What changes had to happen for the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution? The growth of population, the expansion of agriculture, and a change in economic mentality were essential.

2. European Population Until the 18th Century

What happened to the European population until the eighteenth century? The population grew slowly; the birth rate was high, but mortality was also high.

3. The Phenomenon of Rapid Population Growth

What do you call the phenomenon by which the population began to grow at a fast pace? It is called the Industrial Revolution.

4. Consequences of Population Increase

What were the consequences of the increase in population? It led to an increase in

Global Inequality

• High Income: Highly industrialized, educated, urbanized, and technologically advanced. (16% of global population)
• Middle Income: Less developed and wealthy than high-income nations, often due to a historical late start. (75% of global population)
• Low Income: Primarily agricultural; characterized by poverty, malnutrition, educational deprivation, and preventable diseases. (9% of global population)

Extreme Poverty

• A form of absolute poverty characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs: food, safe drinking water, sanitation, health, shelter, and education.
• Statistics: The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than $2.15 per day. As of 2021, approximately 8.5% of the global population lived in extreme poverty,

Defining Communication

One possible definition: "To create and interpret messages that imply a potential answer" (Em Griffin)

Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)

In 1948, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver developed the Mathematical Theory of Communication.

Elements: Sender, Message, Receiver, Code, Channel, Context, and Noise.

Organizational Theory

"An organization is a social institution in which its members carry out a series of activities, has a relatively stable structure over time, and tends towards certain goals" (Bernard Kliksberg)

Management Guru

PETER DRUCKER

Pioneers of Public Relations

Eduard Bernays

• Created the concept of "Public Relations advisor."
• Active career of 40 years working for large clients (Caruso, Eisenhower, General Motors...).
• First professor

The Second Revolutionary Wave (1830s)

The 1830s marked a shift away from clandestine societies and insurrection. This movement united diverse groups, including liberals, the bourgeoisie, intellectuals, and the working classes.

The French Revolution of 1830

Beginning in France in 1830, the movement overthrew the last Bourbon monarch, Charles X, and established a liberal monarchy under Louis Philippe I.

Expansion and Impact

This example extended to Italian and German states, Spain, Poland, and Belgium, which successfully won independence from the Netherlands. In the UK, a liberal movement achieved additional political and voting rights.

As a result, most absolutist monarchies in Western Europe were replaced with moderate liberal governments based on...

Key Political and Historical Terms in Spanish History

• Besiege: To surround a place in order to attack it.
• Bipartisan: Involving two political parties.
• Caciquismo: The undemocratic use of democratic power by local leaders.
• Cádiz Cortes: The first national assembly in Spain to claim sovereignty.
• Camarillismo: The influence of a group on the politics of a country for personal gain, often hidden from the general public.
• Canton: An independent division of a country.
• Carlism: A conservative political movement in Spain that supported Infante Carlos as king and defended absolutism.
• Carlist Wars: Civil wars fought in Spain between liberal supporters of Isabella II and Carlists.
• Census Suffrage: The right to vote given to only some people (restricted suffrage)