Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Social sciences for Secondary education

Anarchist Practices and Ideologies

The London Congress approved the use of personal violence to spread anarchist ideology. The practice of propaganda by deed involved attacks against the state, the church, and the bourgeoisie. This period saw various terrorist acts, including the assassinations of the Empress of Austria, French presidents, the President of the Council of Ministers of Spain, and the President of the U.S.

The more radical current of anarchism was anarcho-communism. Figures like Kropotkin and Malatesta were initially opposed to the formation of unions, instead advocating for a classless society and the collective ownership of the means of production and consumer goods. They opposed social Darwinism and strongly advocated for education....

The Emergence of Nationalism

Nationalism

Like the French Revolution enabled the liberal movement to impose French hegemony under Napoleon Bonaparte's Empire, it provoked the awakening of patriotic sentiments expressed in national consciousness. Along with the claim of individual freedoms, this movement is characterized by the liberties of the people and the representation of a state for oppressed nationalities.

Nationalism presents various methods, based on its political ideology and purposes:

• Conservative Nationalism: Based on some German thinkers who defend the superiority of the people over individuals, facing the Liberals and claiming the right of any nation to build its own state.
• Liberal Nationalism: Characterized by the importance individuals

National Sovereignty: The power belongs to citizens.

Shared Sovereignty: The power is the king and the people.

Criollo: Spanish parents of children born in America.

Censatari vote: The voter can vote according to their status.

Universal Suffrage: everybody can vote, men and women, rich and poor.

Regent: A person who replaces a person in a monarchy.

Guerrilla confrontation system a set of armed civilians against a conventional army.

republic: a state or a country run by people who base their political power in the democratic will of the people.

Federalism: The union of a specific number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central government.

confessional state: state that is recognized in the Constitution itself as a religion...

The Industrial Revolution: Origins and Impact

The Industrial Revolution was the result of a set of economic and technological changes that occurred for the first time in mid-18th century Britain, leading to a profound transformation of society and the economy.

The Demographic Revolution

This process was driven by several factors:

• Increased food production: Improved agricultural output supported a growing population.
• Medical and hygiene advancements: Although to a lesser degree, these improvements contributed to better health outcomes.

Consequences: These factors caused a significant decrease in mortality rates while birth rates were maintained or slightly increased.

The Agricultural Revolution

The increment in the population provoked an increased demand...

Political Parties

Political parties are the primary channels through which citizens participate in political life. Parties present their programs to citizens and nominate candidates to run in elections.

The Division of Powers

• Legislature: Prepares and votes on laws; performs the function of controlling the government.
• Government: Determines the policy for the State to follow and applies it through the Administration.
• Judiciary: Exercises the judicial function, applying laws to ensure justice.

Types of Democratic States

Democratic states can be categorized as monarchies or republics, liberal or social, and decentralized or centralized.

Monarchies

The highest authority is the King, but sovereignty resides with the people. The King reigns but does not...

Climate Awareness and Environmental Protection

1. Climate awareness has become essential as the effects of global warming are increasingly visible around the world. Świadomość klimatyczna stała się niezbędna, ponieważ skutki globalnego ocieplenia są coraz bardziej widoczne na całym świecie.

2. Human activity, such as deforestation and industrial pollution, is one of the main causes of environmental destruction. Działalność człowieka, taka jak wylesianie i zanieczyszczenie przemysłowe, jest jedną z głównych przyczyn niszczenia środowiska naturalnego.

3. Climate change leads to extreme weather events, including floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Zmiany klimatyczne prowadzą do ekstremalnych zjawisk pogodowych, w tym powodzi, susz...

1. The Evolution of Francoism Between 1939 and 1959

The legal foundations of the State were established. There was harsh repression and the country was isolated. Between 1959 and 1975, opposition to the dictatorship grew and the regime entered a progressive crisis. Autarky was abandoned in the late 1950s.

1.2 Foundations of the Regime

Fascism: The power was held by Franco himself. Political parties were banned and replaced by a unique organisation, the National Movement. Fascist external manifestations were adopted, such as the Yoke and Arrows symbol and the salute.

National Catholicism: Consisted of a close relationship between the State and the Church.

Spanish Traditionalism: Took the times of the Catholic Monarchs as a reference. It considered...

European parlament

Composition .By universal sufferage every  five  years

Function .Mostly legislative ,together with the council of the European union  : controlling the work and approving the EU Budget

Seat : the Principal are in straousburg , france

 European Council

Composition : head of state or members of  all Members states . The president of the eu is selected in two and a half years

Functioons : guarantees  the continuity of the Councils work and promotes agreement between  members state

Seat . BRUSELAS

Council of The European Union

Composition . Minister of the member states . The council meets to discuss different Issues  : agriculture  social policies , economuy

Function . Responsible Of passing Eu laws and approving  the Budget

Seat...

The Liberal Revolution and the 1812 Constitution

In the absence of King Ferdinand VII, Joseph Bonaparte seized power in the peninsula. The Spanish people, who disagreed with Bonaparte's form of government, formed a board consisting of representatives chosen by the populace. This board belonged to the Central Board, which moved from Seville to Cadiz. In 1812, the Cortes of Cadiz passed the first Spanish Constitution, which defined the principle of national sovereignty, established the division of powers, and introduced general male suffrage.

These courts issued a series of laws:

• Removal of nobility privileges.
• Recognition of fundamental freedoms.

The transition from absolute monarchy to a constitutional system meant:

• Sovereignty resided in the nation,